Electrocatalytic transformation of HF impurity to H2 and LiF in lithium-ion batteries
Dusan Strmcnik, Ivano E. Castelli, Justin G. Connell, Dominik Haering, Milena Zorko, Pedro Martins, Pietro P. Lopes, Bostjan Genorio, Thomas Østergaard, Hubert A. Gasteiger, Filippo Maglia, Byron K. Antonopoulos, Vojislav R. Stamenkovic, Jan Rossmeisl, Nenad M. Markovic
The formation of solid electrolyte interphase on graphite anodes plays a key role in the efficiency of Li-ion batteries. However, to date, fundamental understanding of the formation of LiF as one of the main solid electrolyte interphase components in hexafluorophosphate-based electrolytes remains elusive. Here, we present experimental and theoretical evidence that LiF formation is an electrocatalytic process that is controlled by the electrochemical transformation of HF impurity to LiF and H2. Although the kinetics of HF dissociation and the concomitant production of LiF and H2 is dependent on the structure and nature of surface atoms, the underlying electrochemistry is the same. The morphology, and thus the role, of the LiF formed is strongly dependent on the nature of the substrate and HF inventory, leading to either complete or partial passivation of the interface. Our finding is of general importance and may lead to new opportunities for the improvement of existing, and design of new, Li-ion technologies.