The challenge of carbon dioxide removal for EU policy-making The challenge of carbon dioxide removal for EU policy-making, Published online: 26 March 2018; doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0124-1Most scenarios to meet the Paris Agreement require negative emissions technologies. The EU has assumed a global leadership role in mitigation action and low-carbon energy technology development and deployment, but carbon dioxide removal presents a serious challenge to its low-carbon policy paradigm and experience.