Transition metal complex-catalyzed carbonylation of organic halides in N, N, N', N'-tetraalkylurea solution in the absence of added base

~5%

~5%

~47%

~5%

~4%

~4%

~4%

~54%

~10%

~30%

~88%

~61%

~9%

~86%

~9%

~61%

~%