Piroxicam

Suppliers

Names

[ Name ]:
Piroxicam

[Synonym ]:
2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-, 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-2H-1,2-benzothiazin-3-carboxamid-1,1-dioxid
Riacen
1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide
Reudene
Zunden
Baxo
Roxiden
Larapam
Feldene
4-hydroxy-2-méthyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxyde
Piroxicam
4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
Erazon
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(pyrid-2-yl-carbamoyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide
Artroxicam
Bruxicam
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(2-pyridinyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-Dioxide
Caliment
chf1251
Improntal
Piroflex
MFCD00057317
Geldene
Sasulen
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
Solocalm
EINECS 252-974-3
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-Dioxide
Flogobene
Pirkam

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
1.5±0.1 g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
568.5±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
198-200°C

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₁₅H₁₃N₃O₄S

[ Molecular Weight ]:
331.346

[ Flash Point ]:
297.6±32.9 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
331.062683

[ PSA ]:
107.98000

[ LogP ]:
2.23

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.692

[ Storage condition ]:
2-8°C

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: DL0705000

CHEMICAL NAME :: 2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-, 1,1-dioxide

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 36322-90-4

LAST UPDATED :: 199801

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 29

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C15-H13-N3-O4-S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 331.37

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T66 BSWNJ C1 EQ DVM- BT6NJ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 7636 mg/kg/6W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - interstitial nephritis

REFERENCE :: AJNED9 American Journal of Nephrology. (S. Karger Pub., Inc., 79 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,142,1985

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - child

DOSE/DURATION :: 7143 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Blood - aplastic anemia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes

REFERENCE :: SAMJAF South African Medical Journal. (Medical Assoc. of South Africa, Secy., P.O. Box 643, Cape Town, S. Africa) V.6- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 66,31,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 52 mg/kg/26W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - metabolic acidosis

REFERENCE :: AIMEAS Annals of Internal Medicine. (American College of Physicians, 4200 Pine St., Philadelphia, PA 19104) V.1- 1927- Volume(issue)/page/year: 99,282,1983

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 1200 ug/kg/3D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: JRHUA9 Journal of Rheumatology. (920 Yonge St., Suite 608, Toronto, Ont., Canada) V.1- 1974- Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,554,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 3714 mg/kg/13D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Blood - agranulocytosis Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, allergic (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: NEJMAG New England Journal of Medicine. (Massachusetts Medical Soc., 10 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115) V.198- 1928- Volume(issue)/page/year: 309,795,1983

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 2400 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Liver - hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post-necrotic scarring) Liver - jaundice, other or unclassified Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes in urine composition

REFERENCE :: BMJOAE British Medical Journal. (British Medical Assoc., BMA House, Tavistock Sq., London WC1H 9JR, UK) V.1- 1857- Volume(issue)/page/year: 293,540,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 28 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - headache Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from duodenum Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

REFERENCE :: AMSVAZ Acta Medica Scandinavica. (Almqvist & Wiksell, POB 45150, S-10430 Stockholm, Sweden) V.52-224, 1919-88. Volume(issue)/page/year: 216,335,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 216 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 28,1714,1978

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37(11),-,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 335 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4639,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 148 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4639,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 400 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - analgesia Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation

REFERENCE :: ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 31,87,1981

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 250 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: EPXXDW European Patent Application. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Foreign Patents, Washington, DC 20231) Volume(issue)/page/year: #0079639

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 290 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: RPTOAN Russian Pharmacology and Toxicology (English Translation). Translation of FATOAO. (Euromed Pub., 33, Woodlands Rd., Surbiton, Surrey, UK) V.30- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 49,98,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 300 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4639,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 108 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4639,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Primate - monkey

DOSE/DURATION :: 1 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4639,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :: 388 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: ATSUDG Archives of Toxicology, Supplement. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) No.1- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,365,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - hamster

DOSE/DURATION :: 170 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: ATSUDG Archives of Toxicology, Supplement. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) No.1- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,365,1984 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg/30D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from small intestine Blood - normocytic anemia

REFERENCE :: YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(1),-,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1825 mg/kg/1Y-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Blood - normocytic anemia

REFERENCE :: YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(1),-,1984 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 35 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 15-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition

REFERENCE :: TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,59,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 110 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 110 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 110 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 55 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 34 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 1-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

REFERENCE :: TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,59,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 260 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 6-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 910 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 6-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

REFERENCE :: YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,4655,1980

Safety Information

[ Symbol ]:

GHS06

[ Signal Word ]:
Danger

[ Hazard Statements ]:
H301

[ Precautionary Statements ]:
Missing Phrase - N15.00950417

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Faceshields;Gloves

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xn:Harmful

[ Risk Phrases ]:
R22

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S26-S36

[ RIDADR ]:
UN 2811

[ RTECS ]:
DL0705000

[ Packaging Group ]:
III

[ Hazard Class ]:
6.1(b)

[ HS Code ]:
3005101000

Precursor & DownStream

Precursor

2-Aminopyridine
2-methoxyethyl 4-hydroxy-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate 1,1-dioxide
N-Methylsaccharin
2-Chloro-N-pyridin-2-ylacetamide
Methyl 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-(2H)-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate-1,1-dioxide
methyl 2-(1,1,3-trioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)acetate
Isopropyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate-1,1-dioxide
4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxo-N-pyridin-2-yl-2H-1λ6,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide
methyl iodide
methoxyethyl 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate 1,1-dioxide

DownStream

ampiroxicam
5-Methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[5,6][1,2]thiazino[3,4-e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione 6,6-dioxide
N-Methylsaccharin

Customs

[ HS Code ]: 2934999090

[ Summary ]:
2934999090. other heterocyclic compounds. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%

Articles

Evaluation and enhancement of physical stability of semi-solid dispersions containing piroxicam into hard gelatin capsules.

Acta Pol. Pharm. 70(5) , 883-97, (2013)

The aim of the study was to investigate the physical stability of the semi-solid dispersions into the hard gelatine capsules prepared with Gelucire 44/14, Labrasol and different additives such as micr...

Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.

Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23 , 171-83, (2010)

Drug-induced liver injury is one of the main causes of drug attrition. The ability to predict the liver effects of drug candidates from their chemical structures is critical to help guide experimental...

Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).

J. Sci. Ind. Res. 65(10) , 808, (2006)

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant concern in drug development due to the poor concordance between preclinical and clinical findings of liver toxicity. We hypothesized that the DILI typ...

piroxicam
Piroxicam D3
piroxicambetadex
Piroxicam olamine
Piroxicam betadex
Piroxicam cinnamate
2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-YL 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
2-[(3-Bromo-2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]pyrrolidine
3-(3-Bromo-2,4-difluorophenyl)piperidine
4-Ethynyl-2-isopropylpyrimidine
1-(2-Aminothiazol-5-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-one
((2S,3S)-3-Isopropyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methanamine
1H-Indole-3-methanamine, 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N,I+/-,I+/--trimethyl-
1-(4-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid
1-Amino-3,3-dimethylcyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid
5-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine

The content on this webpage is sourced from various professional data sources. If you have any questions or concerns regarding the content, please feel free to contact service1@chemsrc.com.