Diclofenac sodium

Diclofenac Sodium is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 nM, 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1, 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

Human COX-2:1.3 nM (IC50, in CHO cells)

Human COX-1:4 nM (IC50, in CHO cells)

Ovine COX-2:0.84 μM (IC50)

Ovine COX-1:5.1 μM (IC50)

Diclofenac Sodium is a potent COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 nM and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in the CHO cells, respectively. Diclofenac effectively blocks COX-1 mediated prostanoid production from U937 cell microsomes, with an IC50 of 7 ± 3 nM[1]. Diclofenac Sodium exihibits inhibition on COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme with IC50s of 5.1 and 0.84 μM, respectively[2].

Diclofenac (3 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 5 days) significantly increases faecal 51Cr excretion in rats, and such effect is also observed in squirrel monkeys after administrated of 1 mg/kg twice daily for 4 days[1]. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) shows anti-inflammatory activity in mice[2]. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) decreases oxidized low-densitylipoprotein (Ox-LDL), but shows no effects on the kinetics parameters of catalase and glutathione peroxidase via intramuscularly injection into rats[3].

Rats[1] Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150 ± 200 g) are dosed orally with Diclofenac either once (acute dosing) or twice daily for 5 days (chronic dosing). A plasma sample is obtained 1 h after the morning dose on day 4 for measurement of Diclofenac concentration. Immediately after the administration of the last dose on day 5, the rats are injected via a tail vein with 0.5 mL of 51Cr-labelled red blood cells from a donor rat after incubation with sodium 51chromate. The rats are placed individually in metabolism cages with food and water ad libitum. Faeces are collected for a 48 h period and 51Cr faecal excretion is calculated as a % of total injected dose (20 mCi per animal)[1]. Squirrel monkeys[1] Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus; 0.8 ± 1.4 kg) are dosed orally with Diclofenac twice daily for 1 ± 5 days. One hour after administration of the last dose, 51CrCl3 in sterile saline (1 mL/kg, 4 ± 5 mCi per animal) is injected via a saphenous vein and plasma samples are obtained for measurement of Diclofenac concentration. The monkeys are then housed individually in metabolism cages. Faeces are collected for a 24 h period and 51Cr faecal excretion is calculated as a % of total injected dose[1].

[1]. Riendeau D, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 May;121(1):105-17.

[2]. Labib MB, et al. Design, synthesis of novel isoindoline hybrids as COX-2 inhibitors: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and docking study. Bioorg Chem. 2018 Oct;80:70-80.

[3]. Curcelli EC, et al. Beneficial effects of diclofenac therapy on serum lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and antioxidant defenses in rats. Life Sci. 2008 Apr 9;82(15-16):892-8.

4-Acetamidophenol | Aspirin | Paradol | Ginsenoside Rg3 | Ginsenoside Compound K | Xanthohumol | Ibuprofen | Diclofenac | NS-398 | Meloxicam | Flufenamic Acid | Epicatechin | Salicylic acid | ketoprofen | Naproxen

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C14-H10-Cl2-N-O2.Na

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

318.14

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

OV1R BMR BG FG &-NA-

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

30 mg/kg/10D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

REFERENCE :

PGMJAO Postgraduate Medical Journal. (Blackwell Scientific Pub. Ltd., POB 88, Oxford, UK) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,486,1993

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

2190 mg/kg/2Y-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

REFERENCE :

AJGAAR American Journal of Gastroenterology. (American College of Gastroenterology, Inc., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.21- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 90,1871,1995

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

300 mg/kg/17W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - liver function tests impaired

REFERENCE :

CLRHD6 Clinical Rheumatology. (ASSMB-Acta Medica Belgica, Ave. Circulaire 138 A B-1180 Brussels, Belgium) V.1- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,120,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

183 mg/kg/26W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post-necrotic scarring) Liver - jaundice, other or unclassified

REFERENCE :

BJCPAT British Journal of Clinical Practice. (Medical News Group, 1 Bedford St., London WC2E 9HD, UK) V.10(10)- 1956- Volume(issue)/page/year: 43,125,1989

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

180 mg/kg/13W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - anorexia (human) Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - proteinuria Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :

BMJOAE British Medical Journal. (British Medical Assoc., BMA House, Tavistock Sq., London WC1H 9JR, UK) V.1- 1857- Volume(issue)/page/year: 295,182,1987

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

270 mg/kg/90D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from large intestine Gastrointestinal - other changes Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count

REFERENCE :

AIMDAP Archives of Internal Medicine. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1908- Volume(issue)/page/year: 152,625,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

112 mg/kg/8W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal - other changes Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :

AIMDAP Archives of Internal Medicine. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1908- Volume(issue)/page/year: 152,625,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intramuscular

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

15 mg/kg/5D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

REFERENCE :

LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 340,126,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

53 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - ataxia Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 28,99,1981

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

25 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,311,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

83 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,106,1974

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

117 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,106,1974

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

85400 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,2259,1986

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

95 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (English Translation). Translation of KHFZAN. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,579,1989

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

74 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (English Translation). Translation of KHFZAN. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,343,1993

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

390 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,311,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

116 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,106,1974

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

380 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (English Translation). Translation of KHFZAN. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,275,1987

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :

59 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1521,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :

42 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1521,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

157 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1521,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

>100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1521,1972 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

416 mg/kg/30D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1521,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

280 mg/kg/28D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - alteration in gastric secretion Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :

AITEAT Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. (Ars Polona, POB 1001, 00-068 Warsaw 1, Poland) V.10- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 45,73,1997

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

300 mg/kg/5W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Blood - changes in spleen Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,1901,1979 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system

REFERENCE :

OYYAA2 Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. (Oyo Yakuri Kenkyukai, CPO Box 180, Sendai 980-91, Japan) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,117,1984

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

6 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1673,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

24 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1673,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intramuscular

DOSE :

15 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 5-19 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic

REFERENCE :

TJMEEA Turkish Journal of Medical Science. (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, POB 5, Kizilay, Ankara 06420, Turkey) V.17- 1993- Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,27,1995

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

24 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-12 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Maternal Effects - other effects Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,1527,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

10 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

REFERENCE :

FESTAS Fertility and Sterility. (American Fertility Soc., 608 13th Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35282) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 38,238,1982