Amygdalin

Amygdalin is a plant glucoside isolated from the stones of rosaceous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, almond, cherries, and plums.

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Research Areas >> Cancer

Natural Products >> Saccharides and Glycosides

Amygdalin has antitumor activity. Some advances had been made on the antitumor mechanism of amygdalin[1]. Amygdalin downregulates especially genes belonging to cell cycle category: exonuclease 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F, member 2, MRE11 meiotic recombination 11 homolog A, topoisomerase (DNA) I, and FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1. RT-PCR analysis reveals that mRNA levels of these genes are also decreased by amygdalin treatment in SNU-C4 human colon cancer cells[2].

Amygdalin is effective at alleviating inflammatory pain and that it can be used as an analgesic with anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. The intramuscular injection of amygdalin significantly reduced the formalin-induced tonic pain in both early (the initial 10 min after formalin injection) and late phases (10-30 min following the initial formalin injection). During the late phase, amygdalin reduces the formalin-induced pain in a dose-dependentmanner in a dose range less than 1 mg/kg[3].

Cell viability is determined by MTT assay. Cells are seeded in triplicate at a concentration of 1×105 cells/well on a 96-well plate. SNU-C4 cells are treated with amygdalin at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL for 24 h. After MTT is added to each group, the cells are incubated for 4 h. Then, they are further incubated for 1 h, including the solution in which MTT is dissolved[2].

Rats: The amygdalin powder is dissolved in saline and diluted with appropriate medium. Male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 230-250 g are used for this experiment. 50mL of 5% formalin are injected to produce fomalin-induced pain in the rats. Thirty minutes before the formalin injection to induce pain, the rats are given an intramuscular injection of amygdalin solution (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10 mg/kg), or saline as a vehicle control[3].

[1]. Song Z, et al. Advanced research on anti-tumor effects of amygdalin. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014 Aug;10 Suppl 1:3-7.

[2]. Park HJ,et al. Amygdalin inhibits genes related to cell cycle in SNU-C4 human colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 7;11(33):5156-61.

[3]. Hwang HJ,et al. Antinociceptive effect of amygdalin isolated from Prunus armeniaca on formalin-induced pain in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Aug;31(8):1559-64.

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DATA ITEMS CITED :

10

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C20-H27-N-O11

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

457.48

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T6OTJ BOYR&CN CQ DQ EQ F1O- BT6OTJ CQ DQ EQ F1Q -D(-)

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - infant

DOSE/DURATION :

50 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - coma Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

405 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

443 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :

100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Primate - monkey

DOSE/DURATION :

167 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

6 gm/kg/30D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Blood - pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

300 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 8 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Host-mediated assay

TEST SYSTEM :

Rodent - mouse Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium

DOSE/DURATION :

250 mg/kg

REFERENCE :

SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- Volume(issue)/page/year: 198,625,1977 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CTOXAO Clinical Toxicology. (New York, NY) V.1-18, 1968-81. For publisher information, see JTCTDW. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,85,1980 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X5264 No. of Facilities: 427 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 3566 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 2900 (estimated)