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96-45-7

96-45-7 structure
96-45-7 structure

Name 2-Imidazolidinethione
Synonyms 2-Imidazolidinethione
mercazini
2-imidazolidine-thione
Mercozen
imidazolidine-2-thione
NA 22
2-thioxo imidazolidine
robac22
ETU
EINECS 202-506-9
Ethylenethiourea
ethylene thiourea
N,N'-ethylenethiourea
MFCD00005276
Imidazoline-2-thione
NA-22-D
2-Thioxoimidazolidine
ACCEL-BF
Ethlenethiourea
Description Ethylenethiourea is a degradation product of the ethylenebisthiocarbamate group of fungicides. Ethylenethiourea is tumorigenic and teratogenic. Ethylenethiourea is orally active[1][2].
Related Catalog
In Vitro Ethylenethiourea is stable at elevated temperature over a wide pH range[1].
In Vivo Ethylenethiourea (10-80 mg/kg; p.o.) is teratogenic in rats[1]. Ethylenethiourea (5-500 ppm; in the diet; 12 month) induces thyroid carcinomas in rats[2]. Animal Model: Virgin Wistar female rats[1] Dosage: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg Administration: Oral administration, from 21-42 days before conception to pregnancy day 15, and on days 6-15 or 7-20 of pregnancy Result: Induced meningoencephalocele, meningorrhagia, meningorrhea, hydrocephalus, obliterated neural canal, abnormal pelvic limb posture with equinovarus, and short or kinky tail after 10 mg/kg or more.
References

[1]. Khera KS. Ethylenethiourea: teratogenicity study in rats and rabbits. Teratology. 1973 Jun;7(3):243-52.

[2]. Graham SL, et al. Effects of one-year administration of ethylenethiourea upon the thyroid of the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 1973 May-Jun;21(3):324-9.

Density 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 148.3±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point 196-200 °C(lit.)
Molecular Formula C3H6N2S
Molecular Weight 102.158
Flash Point 43.5±22.6 °C
Exact Mass 102.025169
PSA 56.15000
LogP -0.66
Vapour Pressure 4.3±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.626
Storage condition 0-6°C
Water Solubility 19 g/L (20 ºC)

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
NI9625000
CHEMICAL NAME :
2-Imidazolidinethione
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
96-45-7
LAST UPDATED :
199806
DATA ITEMS CITED :
92
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C3-H6-N2-S
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
102.17
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
T5MYMTJ BUS

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
Standard Draize test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration into the eye
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
1832 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
3 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
200 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
7800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
297 mg/kg/28D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Endocrine - other changes Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
764 mg/kg/90D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Endocrine - other changes Endocrine - changes in thyroid weight Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
220 mg/kg/7W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - food intake (animal) Endocrine - changes in thyroid weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
3600 mg/kg/17W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Endocrine - other changes Endocrine - changes in thyroid weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
10920 mg/kg/2Y-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
5306 mg/kg/77W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
87360 mg/kg/2Y-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
77 gm/kg/82W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease
TYPE OF TEST :
TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
11466 mg/kg/78W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
44 gm/kg/2Y-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - testicular tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
146 gm/kg/2Y-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
9125 mg/kg/2Y-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - tumors Endocrine - thyroid tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
5470 mg/kg/26W-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
60 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
100 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - gastrointestinal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
60 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
10 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 17 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
50 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
120 mg/m3/3H
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-14 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
27200 ug/m3/3H
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-14 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
DOSE :
100 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
DOSE :
2800 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7 day(s) pre-mating female 1-21 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 17 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 19 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
DOSE :
80 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
DOSE :
80 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - homeostasis
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
DOSE :
300 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1600 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - sex ratio
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-16 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2400 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
600 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 16-35 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - body wall Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1120 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-20 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
140 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-20 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
600 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
6480 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-18 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - gastrointestinal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2400 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
2160 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1200 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
Specific locus test
TYPE OF TEST :
Cytogenetic analysis
TYPE OF TEST :
Cytogenetic analysis

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
Morphological transformation
TEST SYSTEM :
Rodent - hamster Kidney
REFERENCE :
BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37,873,1978 *** REVIEWS *** IARC Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,45,1974 IARC Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,207,1987 IARC Cancer Review:Group 2B IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,207,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ENVRAL Environmental Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,243,1974 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AIHAAP American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 1958- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39(6),A34,1978 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW 85CVA2 "Oncology 1970, Proceedings of the Tenth International Cancer Congress," Chicago, Year Book Medical Pub., 1971 Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,250,1970 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CNDQA8 Cahiers de Nutrition et de Dietetique. (Editions Meteore, 42, rue du Louvre, 75001 Paris, France) V.1- 1966- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,49,1979 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-FINLAND:TWA 0.2 mg/m3;STEL 0.6 mg/m3;Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE;Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN;Carcinogen JAN 1993 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO ETHYLENE THIOUREA-air:CA lowest feasible concentration REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 82079 No. of Facilities: 1100 (estimated) No. of Industries: 13 No. of Occupations: 39 No. of Employees: 7475 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 82079 No. of Facilities: 462 (estimated) No. of Industries: 11 No. of Occupations: 24 No. of Employees: 10749 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1804 (estimated)
Symbol GHS07 GHS08
GHS07, GHS08
Signal Word Danger
Hazard Statements H302-H351-H360D-H372
Precautionary Statements P201-P281-P308 + P313
Personal Protective Equipment Eyeshields;full-face particle respirator type N100 (US);Gloves;respirator cartridge type N100 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter;type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges
Hazard Codes T:Toxic
Risk Phrases R22;R61
Safety Phrases S53-S45
RIDADR 2811
WGK Germany 2
RTECS NI9625000
Packaging Group III
Hazard Class 6.1(b)
HS Code 29332990
HS Code 2933990090
Summary 2933990090. heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%