7647-15-6

• 常用中文名：溴化钠
• 常用英文名：Sodium bromide
• CAS号：7647-15-6
• 分子式：BrNa
• 分子量：102.894
• 相关类别： 原料药 神经系统用药 2镇静与催眠药
• 发布时间：2018-02-05 08:00:00
• 更新时间：2024-01-02 08:19:26
• 【用途一】
  用作分析试剂，也用于无机和有机化合物的合成及制药工业
  【用途二】
  用作配制胶片感光液的原料、医药上的镇静剂、印染工业溴化剂，也用于合成香料及其他化学品
  【用途三】
  感光工业用于配制胶片感光液。医药上用于生产利尿剂和镇静剂。香料工业中用于生产合成香料。印染工业中用作溴化剂。此外，还用于有机合成等方面。
  【用途四】
  用于感光工业，香料、医药及印染工业等。
  【用途五】
  分析试剂，点滴分析定镉，制造溴化物。用于制感光胶片。医药上用作利尿剂和镇静剂，有加强大脑皮层抑制过程的作用。在合成香料、医药和染料等工业中，用作溴化剂。通常也用作化学试剂。
  常温下溴化钠是一种无色立方晶系晶体或白色颗粒状粉末，属等轴晶系，无臭，味碱而稍苦，有剧毒。在空气中易吸收水分而结块，但不潮解，微溶于醇，易溶于水(100℃时100ml水中溶解度为121g)，其水溶液呈中性，有导电性。51℃时溶液中析出无水溴化钠结晶，低于51℃则生成二水物。其溴离子可被氟、氯所取代。在酸性条件下，能被氧氧化，游离出溴，工业上利用此特性来制溴。可与稀硫酸反应生成溴化氢。但氢溴酸是强酸，不能用稀硫酸参与反应制取，只能用高沸点酸制取低沸点酸，但不能用浓硫酸，因为浓硫酸具有强氧化性，会把-1价的溴氧化成溴单质，放出红棕色的气体，此法可以用来鉴别碘化钠（碘化钠和浓硫酸加热，放出紫红色的气体），故只能用浓磷酸与溴化钠固体加热制取溴化氢。
  溴离子能加强大脑皮层的抑制过程，并促进其集中。医疗上可用作镇定剂、催眠剂、或抗惊厥药物。当人吞咽或吸进该化合物后，会对中枢神经系统、大脑、及眼睛造成伤害，同时也会引起皮肤、眼睛与呼吸道的刺激性反应。 

名称

• 中文名: 溴化钠
• 英文名: sodium bromide
• 中文别名: 钠臭
• 英文别名: sodium boron; NaBr; Sedoneural; Natriumbromid; SODIUM BROMID; EINECS 231-599-9; Sodum bromide; bromuredesodium; bromnatrium; sodiium bromide; sodium bromine; Sodiumbomide; MFCD00003475

物化性质

• 密度: 3,203 g/cm3
• 沸点: 1390 °C
• 熔点: 755 °C(lit.)
• 分子式: BrNa
• 分子量: 102.894
• 闪点: 1390°C
• 精确质量: 101.908096
• 外观性状: 白色粉末
• 蒸汽压: 1 mm Hg ( 806 °C)
• 折射率: 1.6412
• 储存条件:

  1.应贮存在干燥、阴凉、通风良好的地方。要防止日光曝晒，与火种和热源隔离，不得与氨、氧、磷、锑粉和碱类共贮混运。应远离木屑、刨花、稻草等，以防燃烧。

  2.失火时，可用沙土、二氧化碳灭火器扑救。

• 稳定性:

  1.在空气中有吸湿性。易溶于水(100 ℃时溶解度为121 ｇ/100 ｍl水)，水溶液呈中性。微溶于醇。51 ℃时溶液中析出无水溴化钠结晶，低于51 ℃则生成二水物。其溴离子可被氟、氯所取代。在酸性条件下，能被氧氧化，游离出溴。可与稀硫酸反应生成溴化氢。; 2.在酸性条件下，能被氧氧化，游离出溴。可与稀硫酸反应生成溴化氢。工作人员应作好防护，若不慎触及眼睛，应立即用大量流动清水冲洗。工作环境应具有良好的通风条件。

• 水溶解性: 905 g/L (20 ºC)
• 计算化学:

  1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无

  2.氢键供体数量:0

  3.氢键受体数量:1

  4.可旋转化学键数量:0

  5.互变异构体数量:无

  6.拓扑分子极性表面积0

  7.重原子数量:2

  8.表面电荷:0

  9.复杂度:2

  10.同位素原子数量:0

  11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

  12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

  13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  15.共价键单元数量:2

• 更多: 1.性状：无色立方晶系晶体或白色颗粒状粉末。无臭，味咸而微苦。 2.密度（g/mL,25 ℃ ）： 3.203

  3.熔点（ºC）：755

  4.沸点（ºC,常压）：1390℃

  5.折射率：1.6412

  6.闪点（ºC）：1390

  7溶解性：易溶于水（100℃时溶解度为121g/100ml水），水溶液呈中性。微溶于醇。51℃时溶液中析出无水溴化钠结晶，低于51℃则生成二水物。905g/L(20ºC时)

MSDS

Name: Sodium bromide p.a. Material Safety Data Sheet Synonym: Bromide salt of sodium, Sedoneura CAS: 7647-15-6 Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:Sodium bromide p.a. Material Safety Data Sheet Synonym:Bromide salt of sodium, Sedoneura Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS CAS# Chemical Name content EINECS# 7647-15-6 Sodiumbromide 100% 231-599-9 Hazard Symbols: None Listed. Risk Phrases: None Listed. Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Hygroscopic. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Effects may be cumulative. May cause central nervous system effects such as psychosis, hallucinations, depression, visual changes and mental changes. Ingestion may cause skin eruptions and rash. Inhalation: May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion. May cause incoordination and mental disturbances. Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid immediately. Skin: Flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Ingestion: If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid immediately. Inhalation: Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Notes to Physician: Treatment includes hydration, mild diuresis, and possible hemodialysis. Consider the use of ammonium chloride in divided doses with a diuretic. Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. Substance is noncombustible. Extinguishing Media: Use extinguishing media most appropriate for the surrounding fire. Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8. Spills/Leaks: Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container. Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering Controls: Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use process enclosure, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to control airborne levels. Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear a chemical apron. Respirators: Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Always use a NIOSH or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator when necessary. Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical State: Solid Appearance: white Odor: Odorless pH: 6.5-8.0 Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 806 deg C Viscosity: Not available. Boiling Point: 1390 deg C @ 760.00mm Hg Freezing/Melting Point: 755 deg C Autoignition Temperature: Not available. Flash Point: 800 deg C ( 1,472.00 deg F) Explosion Limits, lower: Not available. Explosion Limits, upper: Not available. Decomposition Temperature: 800 deg C Solubility in water: 95g/100ml water (25 c) Specific Gravity/Density: 3.21g/cm3 Molecular Formula: BrNa Molecular Weight: 102.8938 Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY Chemical Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures. Conditions to Avoid: Incompatible materials, heating to decomposition, exposure to moist air or water. Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Strong acids - alkaloidal and heavy metal salts (lead, silver, manganese, antimony, mercury, etc.) - strong oxidizing agents - halogen halides - bromine trifluoride. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hydrogen bromide, sodium oxide, bromine fumes. Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION RTECS#: CAS# 7647-15-6: VZ3150000 LD50/LC50: CAS# 7647-15-6: Oral, mouse: LD50 = 7 gm/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 3500 mg/kg. Carcinogenicity: Sodiumbromide - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA. Other: See actual entry in RTECS for complete information. Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION Ecotoxicity: Water danger/protection: WGK 1 Bluegill sunfish LC50: >1000 mg/l/96H Rainbow trout LC50: >1000 mg/l/96H Daphnia magna LC50: >1000 mg/l/48H Bobwhite quail LD50: >2250 mg/kg Mallard duck LC50: >5633 ppm Bobwhite quail LC50: >5633 ppm Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations. Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION IATA Not regulated as a hazardous material. IMO Not regulated as a hazardous material. RID/ADR Shipping Name: Not regulated. Dangerous Goods Code: UN Number: Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION European/International Regulations European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives Hazard Symbols: Not available. Risk Phrases: Safety Phrases: S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes. WGK (Water Danger/Protection) CAS# 7647-15-6: 1 United Kingdom Occupational Exposure Limits Canada CAS# 7647-15-6 is listed on Canada's DSL List. CAS# 7647-15-6 is listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List. Exposure Limits US FEDERAL TSCA CAS# 7647-15-6 is listed on the TSCA inventory. SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION N/A

毒性和生态

毒理学数据: 急性毒性：LD50：7000mg/Kg（大鼠经口）；3500mg/Kg（兔经皮） 低毒，半数致死量（大鼠，经口）3500mg/kg。 要防止摄入、吸入，防止眼睛、皮肤与之接触。 生态学数据: 水危害级别1：对水是稍微危害的，不要让未稀释或大量的产品接触地下水，水道或者污水系统。 CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION RTECS NUMBER : VZ3150000 CHEMICAL NAME : Sodium bromide CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 7647-15-6 LAST UPDATED : 199710 DATA ITEMS CITED : 23 MOLECULAR FORMULA : Br-Na MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 102.90 WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : NA E HEALTH HAZARD DATA ACUTE TOXICITY DATA TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 3500 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 55,200,1935 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 2900 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Skin and Appendages - hair REFERENCE : NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 56,377,1960 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 7 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : SMWOAS Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. (Schwabe & Co., Steintorst 13, 4010 Basel, Switzerland) V.50- 1920- Volume(issue)/page/year: 85,305,1955 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 5 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : AIPTAK Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. (Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium) V.4- 1898- Volume(issue)/page/year: 128,391,1950 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 5020 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : JPMSAE Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.50- 1961- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,858,1961 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 580 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : 27ZIAQ "Drug Dosages in Laboratory Animals - A Handbook," Rev. ed., Barnes, C.D., and L.G. Eltherington, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1973 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,243,1973 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 104 gm/kg/90D-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Endocrine - thyroid weight (goiter) Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain REFERENCE : TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,257,1974 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 3150 mg/kg/6W-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Endocrine - evidence of thyroid hyperfunction REFERENCE : FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,383,1983 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1172 mg/kg/26W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - alteration of classical conditioning Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37(1),13,1972 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 15960 mg/kg/2W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Endocrine - thyroid weight (goiter) Endocrine - changes in thyroid weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain REFERENCE : ATSUDG Archives of Toxicology, Supplement. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) No.1- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,93,1988 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 538 gm/kg/4W-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Endocrine - changes in thyroid weight Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain REFERENCE : FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,391,1983 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 46656 mg/kg/36D-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain REFERENCE : FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,405,1983 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 23439 ug/kg/26W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37(1),13,1972 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 47520 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : male 90 day(s) pre-mating female 90 day(s) pre-mating TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - mating performance (e.g. # sperm positive females per # females mated; # copulations per # estrus cycles) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) REFERENCE : FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,383,1983 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 3600 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 3-20 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 82,215,1944 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 720 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 3-20 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral REFERENCE : JOPSAM Journal of Psychology. (Journal Press, 2 Commercial St., Provincetown, MA 02657) V.1- 1935/36- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,17,1945 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 1620 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : male 90 day(s) pre-mating TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct REFERENCE : FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,383,1983 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 83904 No. of Facilities: 3418 (estimated) No. of Industries: 28 No. of Occupations: 23 No. of Employees: 20436 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 83904 No. of Facilities: 11062 (estimated) No. of Industries: 87 No. of Occupations: 65 No. of Employees: 124815 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 45219 (estimated)

安全

• 个人防护装备: Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter
• 危害码 (欧洲): Xi: Irritant;
• 风险声明 (欧洲): R36/37/38
• 安全声明 (欧洲): S24/25-S25
• 危险品运输编码: NONH for all modes of transport
• WGK德国: 1
• RTECS号: VZ3150000
• 海关编码: 2827510000

合成路线

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制备

尿素还原法 将纯碱(碳酸钠)、尿素用热水溶解，并送入反应器中，缓慢加入溴素进行反应，生成溴化钠。然后再加入活性炭脱色，经过滤、蒸发结晶、离心分离、干燥，制得溴化钠成品。其反应方程式如下：

中和法 将约40％的氢溴酸加入反应器中，在搅拌下缓慢加入40％烧碱溶液进行中和，至Ph7.5～8时生成溴化钠，经离心分离、蒸发、结晶再离心分离，制得溴化钠成品。其反应方程式如下：

3.碳酸钠、尿素用热水溶解，通入溴素，还原生成溴化钠，然后加入活性炭脱色、过滤、蒸发、结晶即得。

4. 将碳酸氢钠慢慢加到氢溴酸溶液中进行中和反应： 加热赶出二氧化碳气体并浓缩溶液至结晶，然后冷却至室温，析出的结晶用少量水溶解，并滴加溴水至刚出现溴的颜色，加入硫化氢溶液进行脱色，加热蒸发浓缩结晶至干，高温析出无水溴化物。110℃下保温干燥后在保干器中冷却，即得无水溴化物。

海关

海关编码	2827510000