Levulinic acid

Modify Date: 2026-07-01 10:00:15

Levulinic acid Structure
Levulinic acid structure
 Common Name Levulinic acid
CAS Number 123-76-2 Molecular Weight 116.115
Density 1.1±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point 242.9±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula C5H8O3 Melting Point 30-33 °C(lit.)
MSDS Chinese USA Flash Point 137.8±0.0 °C
Symbol GHS07
GHS07		 Signal Word Warning

 Use of Levulinic acid


Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.

 Names

This table lists Chinese names, IUPAC names and various aliases of this chemical substance.

Name 4-oxopentanoic acid
Synonym More Synonyms

 Levulinic acid Biological Activity

This table contains bioactivity, target information and biological‑assay experimental data of this compound.

Description Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.
Related Catalog
Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

References

[1]. Pileidis FD, et al. Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass. ChemSusChem. 2016 Mar 21;9(6):562-82.

 Chemical & Physical Properties

This table shows physicochemical parameters including melting point, boiling point, density, solubility and optical rotation. Missing data is marked as N/A.

Density 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 242.9±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point 30-33 °C(lit.)
Molecular Formula C5H8O3
Molecular Weight 116.115
Flash Point 137.8±0.0 °C
Exact Mass 116.047340
PSA 54.37000
LogP -0.49
Vapour Pressure 0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.435
InChIKey JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES CC(=O)CCC(=O)O

 MSDS

This table provides MSDS information including hazard classification, first‑aid, fire‑fighting, spill handling, operation and storage instructions.

 Toxicological Information

This table summarizes toxicological test data, acute & chronic toxicity and ecological hazard parameters for this chemical.

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
OI1575000
CHEMICAL NAME :
Levulinic acid
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
123-76-2
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
0506796
LAST UPDATED :
199701
DATA ITEMS CITED :
7
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C5-H8-O3
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
116.13
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
QV2V1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
Standard Draize test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
REFERENCE :
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
1850 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
450 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD607-952
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
>5 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M5013 No. of Facilities: 17 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 4 No. of Employees: 1732 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M5013 No. of Facilities: 46 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 773 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 13 (estimated)

 Safety Information

This table covers safety warnings, protective measures, incompatible substances and disposal guidelines for this compound.

Symbol GHS07
GHS07
Signal Word Warning
Hazard Statements H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements P261-P305 + P351 + P338
Personal Protective Equipment dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves
Hazard Codes C:Corrosive
Risk Phrases R22;R34
Safety Phrases S26-S45-S36/37/39
RIDADR 3261
WGK Germany 3
RTECS OI1575000
Packaging Group III
Hazard Class 8
HS Code 2915509000

 Synthetic Route

This table presents publicly reported synthetic routes, reaction conditions, reactants and product information of the compound.

 Customs

This table shows customs‑related data including HS‑code, tariff and regulatory conditions for import and export.

HS Code 2915509000
Summary 2915509000 propionic acid, its salts and esters。supervision conditions:AB(certificate of inspection for goods inward,certificate of inspection for goods outward)。VAT:17.0%。tax rebate rate:9.0%。MFN tariff:5.5%。general tariff:30.0%

 Articles51

More Articles

This table lists relevant public references with title, journal and publication metadata for this compound.

Detoxification of biomass hydrolysates with nucleophilic amino acids enhances alcoholic fermentation.

Bioresour. Technol. 186 , 106-13, (2015)

Carbonyl compounds generated in biomass pretreatment hinder the biochemical conversion of biomass hydrolysates to biofuels. A novel approach of detoxifying hydrolysates with amino acids for ethanol pr...

Effectiveness of levulinic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate employed as a sanitizer during harvest or packing of cantaloupes contaminated with Salmonella Poona.

Int. J. Food Microbiol. 207 , 71-6, (2015)

Freshly harvested Eastern variety cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus cv. Athena) were subjected to three different harvest and wash treatments to examine conditions under which the efficacy...

Differential expression of small RNAs under chemical stress and fed-batch fermentation in E. coli.

BMC Genomics 16 , 1051, (2015)

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are recognized as posttranscriptional regulators involved in the control of bacterial lifestyle and adaptation to stressful conditions. Although chemical stress due to the...

 Levulinic acidBioassay

View more

This table contains target information, in‑vitro & in‑vivo assay data for this compound.

Name: Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 2 (CYP1A2) small molecule antagonists: lu...
Source: 824
External Id: CYP273
Name: qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the peroxisome proliferator-acti...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: PPARGV841
Name: qHTS assay to identify small molecule agonists of the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: TGF788
Name: qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the TGF-beta/Smad signaling path...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: TGF602
Name: qHTS assay to test for compound auto fluorescence at 535 nm (green) in HEK293 cell fr...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: SPEC167MG
Name: p53 small molecule agonists, cell-based qHTS assay: qHTS cell viability counter scree...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: P53600
Name: qHTS assay to identify small molecule agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activat...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: PPARDV813
Name: qHTS assay to test for compound auto fluorescence at 590 nm (red) in HEK293 cell free...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: SPEC167MR
Name: p53 small molecule agonists, cell-based qHTS assay with rat liver microsomes: qHTS ce...
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: P53MS958
Name: qHTS assay to test for compound auto fluorescence at 535 nm (green) in HEK293 cells
Source: 824
Target: N/A
External Id: SPEC167CG
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 Synonyms

This table collects all English aliases, systematic names and CAS‑related synonyms of the compound.

4-Oxopentanoic acid
Levulinic acid
Levulic acid
4-oxovaleric acid
LAEVULINIC ACID
antithermin
b-Acetylpropionic Acid
4-Oxopentanoic acid,4-Oxovaleric acid
3-Acetylpropionic Acid
g-Ketovaleric acid
laevulic acid
MFCD00002796
EINECS 204-649-2

 Levulinic acid | FAQ

This section contains frequently‑asked‑questions about this compound, including basic parameters, properties, storage conditions and corresponding answers.

Q: What are the downstream products of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Related downstream products(CAS) of 4-oxopentanoic acid: 74-89-5;1070-35-5;112146-12-0;4743-82-2;34272-65-6;60588-57-0;53-86-1;33528-35-7;3884-71-7;3249-33-0.
Q: What is the polar surface area (PSA) of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Polar surface area (PSA) of 4-oxopentanoic acid is 54.37000.
Q: What is the SMILES notation of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: SMILES notation of 4-oxopentanoic acid is CC(=O)CCC(=O)O.
Q: What is the molecular weight of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Molecular weight of 4-oxopentanoic acid is 116.115.
Q: What is the boiling point of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Boiling point of 4-oxopentanoic acid is 242.9±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg.
Q: What is the InChIKey of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: InChIKey of 4-oxopentanoic acid is JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N.
Q: What is the melting point of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Melting point of 4-oxopentanoic acid is 30-33 °C(lit.).
Q: What are the upstream materials of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: Related upstream materials(CAS) of 4-oxopentanoic acid: 9004-34-6;50-99-7;67-47-0;57-48-7;57-50-1;98-00-0;1623-88-7;765-70-8;492-62-6;6089-09-4.
Q: What English synonyms does 4-oxopentanoic acid have?
A: English synonyms of 4-oxopentanoic acid: 4-Oxopentanoic acid, Levulinic acid, Levulic acid, 4-oxovaleric acid, LAEVULINIC ACID, antithermin, b-Acetylpropionic Acid, 4-Oxopentanoic acid,4-Oxovaleric acid, 3-Acetylpropionic Acid, g-Ketovaleric acid, laevulic acid, MFCD00002796, EINECS 204-649-2.
Q: What is the CAS number of 4-oxopentanoic acid?
A: CAS number of 4-oxopentanoic acid is 123-76-2.

 Levulinic acidfactory

This table lists manufacturers and suppliers of this compound, including vendor names and product supply reference information.

Shanghai Nianxing Industrial Co., Ltd
BioBioPha
Dayang Chem (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.
Henan Tianfu Chemical Co., Ltd.
Zhongshan Xingrui Chemical Co. , Ltd.
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