| In Vitro |
Amantadine sulfate (0-500 µM, 26 h) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, with IC50 concentrations between 83 and 119 µM[4]. Amantadine sulfate (0-100 µg/mL, 24-72 h) markedly inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 and SMMC‑7721 cells[6]. Amantadine sulfate (0-75 µg/mL, 48 h) arrests the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and induces apoptosis[6]. Amantadine sulfate (0-75 µg/mL, 48 h) reduces the levels of the cell cycle‑related genes and proteins (cyclin D1, cyclin E and CDK2), reduces Bcl-2 and increases the Bax protein and mRNA levels[6]. Cell Viability Assay[4] Cell Line: Vero E6 cells Concentration: 500 µM, 100 µM, 20 µM, 4 µM, and 8 nM Incubation Time: 26 h Result: Caused a concentration-dependent reduction (IC50=83 µM) of viral nucleic acids in the supernatant 26 h after infection at 10-500 µM. Caused a concentration-dependent reduction (IC50=119 µM) of viral nucleic acids in the cytosol 26 h after infection. Cell Proliferation Assay[6] Cell Line: Human HCC cell lines (HepG2 and SMMC-7721) and normal hepatocellular cells (L02 cells) Concentration: 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL Incubation Time: 24, 48 and 72 h Result: Inhibited cellular proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Cell Cycle Analysis[6] Cell Line: HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells Concentration: 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL Incubation Time: 48 h Result: Significantly increased the population of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells in the G0/G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly decreased the number of HepG2 cells in the S phase. Apoptosis Analysis[6] Cell Line: HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells Concentration: 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL Incubation Time: 48 h Result: Markedly increased the percentage of apoptotic HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells (early- and late-stage apoptosis) in a dose-dependent manner. Western Blot Analysis[6] Cell Line: HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells Concentration: 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL Incubation Time: 48 h Result: Showed downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E and CDK2, and showed a decrease in Bcl-2 levels and an increase of Bax levels in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. RT-PCR[6] Cell Line: HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells Concentration: 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL Incubation Time: 48 h Result: Revealed an increase in Bax and decrease in Bcl-2 genes.
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| In Vivo |
Amantadine sulfate (25 mg/kg, IP, once daily for 3 days) inhibits surgery induced neuroinflammation and learning and memory impairment[5]. Animal Model: Fischer 344 rats (Four-month old, male, 290-330 g, 15 rats each group)[5] Dosage: 25 mg/kg Administration: IP, once daily for 3 days (the first dose at 15 min before surgery) Result: Inhibited surgery induced neuroinflammation and learning and memory impairment, increased GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) that was co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein (an astrocytic marker) in the hippocampus.
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