107-06-2

• 常用中文名：1,2-二氯乙烷
• 常用英文名：dichloroethane
• CAS号：107-06-2
• 分子式：C₂H₄Cl₂
• 分子量：98.959
• 相关类别： 有机原料 烃类化合物及其衍生物 烃类卤化物
• 发布时间：2018-02-05 08:00:00
• 更新时间：2024-01-02 17:08:15
• 【用途一】
  用作有机溶剂和油脂的萃取剂，也用于有机合成
  【用途二】
  主要用作低毒性溶剂
  【用途三】
  用作溶剂
  【用途四】
  主要用于制造氯乙烯、乙二酸和乙二胺，还可作溶剂、谷物熏蒸剂、洗涤剂、萃取剂、金属脱油剂等
  【用途五】
  抽提溶剂。主要用于由香辛料抽提油树脂。成品中最高允许残留量为30mg/kg。GB 2760-96列为食品加工助剂。
  【用途六】
  1，2-二氯乙烷是杀菌剂稻瘟灵和植物生长调节剂矮壮素的中间体。
  【用途七】
  主要用作氯乙烯、乙二醇、乙二酸、乙二胺、四乙基铅、多乙烯多胺及联苯甲酰的原料。也用作油脂、树脂、橡胶的溶剂，干洗剂，农药除早菊素、咖啡因、维生素、激素的萃取剂，湿润剂，浸透剂，石油脱蜡，抗震剂，还用于农药制造以及药物灭虫宁、哌哔嗪的原料。在农业上可用作粮食、谷物的熏蒸剂、土壤消毒剂等。
  【用途八】
  有机合成，萃取剂，油类、脂肪、树胶、树脂等的极好溶剂，分析硼，制造乙酰纤维，烟草萃取剂。
  【用途九】
  有机合成，萃取剂，油类、脂肪、树胶、树脂等的极好溶剂，分析硼，制造乙酰纤维，烟草萃取剂。校准仪器和装置；评价方法；工作标准；质量保证/质量控制；其他.

名称

• 中文名: 1,2-二氯乙烷
• 英文名: 1,2-dichloroethane
• 中文别名: 二氯乙烷; 1,2-二氯化乙烯
• 英文别名: EINECS 203-458-1; 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE (1 LT ); Ethane,1,2-dichloro; 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE; Dichloroethylene; Ethylene chloride,Ethylene dichloride; 1,2-Ethylene dichloride; 1,2-Dichloroethane, in Certan bottle; 1,2-dichloro-ethane; ClCH2CH2Cl; ethylene dichloride; Dutch oil; 1,2-Dichloroethane; 1,2-Ethylidene dichloride; dichloroethane; MFCD00000963; 1,2-Dichloroet; EdC; DCE; ethylene chloride; α,β-dichloroethane; 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE (EDC); Dutch liquid; Glycol dichloride; 1,2-DCE; Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-; 1,2-Dichloroethan; ethane dichloride; 1,2-DICHLORETHAN CERTIFIED AR, ZUR ANALYSE, 1L , ZUR ANALYSE; Dichloroethane, 1,2-

物化性质

• 密度: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
• 沸点: 83.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
• 熔点: -35 °C
• 分子式: C₂H₄Cl₂
• 分子量: 98.959
• 闪点: 15.6±0.0 °C
• 精确质量: 97.969009
• LogP: 1.41
• 外观性状: 透明液体,带有一种像氯仿一样的气味
• 蒸汽密度: 3.4 (20 °C, vs air)
• 蒸汽压: 83.9±0.1 mmHg at 25°C
• 折射率: 1.413
• 储存条件:

  储存注意事项储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过37℃。保持容器密封。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄露应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。

• 稳定性:

  1.在空气、水分及光照下逐渐分解，酸度增加，颜色变深。加入少量烷基胺可完全防止分解发生。加压下160~175℃水解生成乙二醇，碱性水溶液可促进水解反应。

  2.在高温加热时发生热裂，生成氯乙烯和氯化氢。与强碱一起加热时也可发生脱氯化氢反应。

  3.在光照或在氯化铁的催化作用下，发生液相氯化，生成1,1,2-三氯乙烷，继续氯化生成四氯乙烷等多氯衍生物。

  4.该品中的氯原子富有反应性。例如与氨在加压下加热至120℃生成乙二胺；与氰化钠反应生成丁二腈；在Fridel-Crafts型催化剂存在下与苯反应，生成二苯乙烷。

  5.属高毒类。对眼和呼吸道有刺激作用，其蒸气可使动物角膜浑浊，有麻醉性。能使动物皮肤产生硬结，并能引起心、肝、肾的脂肪性病变直到死亡。人口服15~20ml可致死，接触浓度为0.1g/m3时有易倦、头痛、失眠、植物神经系统功能紊乱症状，对动物有明显致癌作用。TJ36-79规定车间空气中最高容许浓度为25mg/m3。

  6.稳定性 稳定

  7.禁配物 强氧化剂、酸类、碱类

  8.避免接触的条件 受热

  9.聚合危害 不聚合

  10.分解产物 氯化氢

• 水溶解性: 8.7 g/L (20 ºC)
• 分子结构:

  1、摩尔折射率：21.01

  2、摩尔体积（cm³/mol）：84.3

  3、等张比容（90.2K）：188.6

  4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：25.0

  5、极化率：8.33

• 计算化学:

  1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无

  2.氢键供体数量:0

  3.氢键受体数量:0

  4.可旋转化学键数量:1

  5.互变异构体数量:无

  6.拓扑分子极性表面积0

  7.重原子数量:4

  8.表面电荷:0

  9.复杂度:6

  10.同位素原子数量:0

  11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

  12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

  13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  15.共价键单元数量:1

• 更多:

  1.性状：无色或浅黄色透明液体，有类似氯仿的气味。

  2.熔点（ºC）：-35.7

  3.沸点（ºC）：83.5

  4.相对密度（水=1）：1.26

  5.相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：3.42

  6.饱和蒸气压（kPa）：13.33（29.4℃）

  7.燃烧热（kJ/mol）：-1243.9

  8.临界温度（℃）：290

  9.临界压力（MPa）：5.36

  10.辛醇/水分配系数：1.48

  11.闪点（℃）：13

  12.引燃温度（℃）：413

  13.爆炸上限（%）：16.0

  14.爆炸下限（%）：6.2

  15.溶解性：微溶于水，可混溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿和多数普通溶剂。

  16.临界密度（g·cm^-3）：0.440

  17.临界体积（cm³·mol^-1）：225

  18.临界压缩因子：0.259

  19.偏心因子：0.288

  20.Lennard-Jones参数（A）：7.814

  21.Lennard-Jones参数（K）：253.6

  22.溶度参数(J·cm^-3)^0.5：20.250

  23.van der Waals面积（cm²·mol^-1）：6.300×10⁹

  24.van der Waals体积（cm³·mol^-1）：43.700

  25.气相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol^-1) ：-132.84

  26.气相标准熵(J·mol^-1·K^-1) ：305.96

  27.气相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol^-1)：-74.2

  28.气相标准热熔(J·mol^-1·K^-1)：77.32

  29.液相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol^-1)：-167.99

  30.液相标准熵(J·mol^-1·K^-1) ：208.53

  31.液相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol^-1)：-82.42

  32.液相标准热熔(J·mol^-1·K^-1)：128.9

MSDS

国标编号: 32035 ＣＡＳ: 107-06-2 中文名称: 1，2-二氯乙烷 英文名称: 1,2-dichloroethane 别 名: 乙撑二氯；亚乙基二氯；1，2-二氯化乙烯；二氯乙烷(对称) 分子式: C2H4Cl2；Cl(CH2)2Cl 分子量: 98.97 熔 点: -35.7℃ 密 度: 相对密度(水=1)1.26； 蒸汽压: 13℃ 溶解性: 微溶于水，可混溶于醇、醚、氯仿 稳定性: 稳定 外观与性状: 无色或浅黄色透明液体，有类似氯仿的气味 危险标记: 7(中闪点易燃液体) 用 途: 用作蜡、脂肪、橡胶等的溶剂及谷物杀虫剂 2.对环境的影响: 一、健康危害 侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 健康危害：对眼睛及呼吸道有刺激作用；吸入可引起肺水肿；抑制中枢神经系统、刺激胃肠道和引起肝、肾和肾上腺损害。皮肤与液体反复接触能引起皮肤干燥、脱屑和裂隙性皮炎。液体和蒸气还能刺激眼，引起严重操作，角膜混浊。吸入高浓度的蒸气能刺激粘膜，抑制中枢神经系统，引起眩晕、恶心、呕吐、精神错乱，有的可致肺水肿。还能刺激胃肠道，引起肝和肾的脂肪性病变，严重的直至死亡。 急性中毒：其表现有二种类型，一为头痛、恶心、兴奋、激动，严重者很快发生中枢神经系统抑制而死亡；另一类型以胃肠道症状为主，呕吐、腹痛、腹泻，严重者可发生肝坏死和肾病变。急性暴露能导致呼吸和循环衰竭而死亡。其尸体剖检呈现出大多数内脏损伤和广泛性出血。 二、毒理学资料及环境行为 毒性：属高毒类，蒸气有剧毒。急性毒性：LD50670mg/kg(大鼠经口)；2800mg/kg(兔经皮)；LC504050mg/m3，7小时(大鼠吸入)刺激性：家兔经眼：63mg，重度刺激。家兔经皮开放性刺激试验：625mg，轻度刺激。亚急性和慢性毒性：猴吸入0.22g/m3，7小时/天，5天/周，125次，无症状；4.11g/m3，7小时/天，5天/周，25～50次，死亡率较高；大鼠吸入4.11g/m3×7小时/日×5日/周×3～14次，致死；豚鼠吸入4.113×7小时/日×2次，致死。致突变性：DNA抑制：人淋巴细胞5ml/L。哺乳动物体细胞突变：人淋巴细胞100mg/L。生殖毒性：大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度(TCL0)：300ppm(7小时，孕6-15天)，引起植入死亡率增加。致癌性：IARC致癌性评论：动物阳性，人类可疑。小/大鼠吸入250ppm×7小时/日×18月，终身未见肿瘤发病率增高；大鼠经口25ppm×5天/周×78周，致癌阳性。 污染来源：1，2-二氯乙烷用于制造乙二醇、乙二胺、聚氯乙烯、尼龙、粘胶人造纤维、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶和各种塑料、香料、肥皂、粘合剂、润肤剂、药物及假漆；用作树脂、沥青、橡胶、醋酸纤维素、纤维素酯、油漆、油脂、蜡及聚合物（如聚苯乙烯的溶剂），豆油和咖啡因的提取剂；浸渍剂、湿润剂、渗透剂、熏蒸剂；还用于照像术、静电印刷、水软化中。裂解法制造氯乙烯单体时可产生二氯乙烷；二氯乙烷也是某些有机化学合成中的副产品。在以上生产和使用1，2-二氯乙烷的企业在生产和贮运过程中由于意外事故均可对环境造成污染，对人体造成危害。 代谢和降解：氯乙醇是1，2-氯乙烷在温血动物体内的主要代谢物之一。进入体内的1，2-二氯乙 烷首先贮存于脂肪组织中，以后(2天内)从脂肪组织转移进入血液，由于酶的脱氢作用，代谢转化变成氯乙醇，氯乙醇系一种高毒化学物质。它进一步代谢可变成一氯乙酸，氯乙醛是介于氯乙烷与一氯乙酸之间的又一个中间代谢产物。在1，2-二氯乙烷代谢产物中，氯乙醇和一氯乙酸的毒性比二氯乙烷本身更大。CH2Cl-CH2Cl-CH2Cl-CH2OH-CH2Cl-CHO-CH2Cl-COOH 在环境中，二氯乙烷代谢生成氯乙酸的速度，随湿度与温度的增加而加快，在90℃的湿空气中，二氯乙烷有0.66%分解生成氯乙酸，当温度升高到110℃和140℃时，氯乙酸含量分别为4%和7%-12%。1，2-二氯乙烷在常温和干燥的环境中较难被降解。光与大气中氧对纯品二氯乙烷很少发生影响，而含有杂质的工业品二氯乙烷受到光与所的联合作用可产生光气和某些聚合化学物。残留、蓄积与扩散：二氯乙烷能迅速透进无损伤皮肤吸收并在血液中达很高水平。不论染毒剂量和途径怎样，二氯乙烷在人体和动物体各个器官内的含量关系基本上是个常数，例如假定在血液中的含量为1，那么在其它各器官中相应比率为：肝脏0.8；肾脏0.44；心脏0.7；延脑0.57；小脑、脑皮质和皮质下的中枢为0.15-0.2，显然这与该组织中的脂肪含量有关，因为二氯乙烷在脂肪中的溶解度是很大的。氯乙烷可以通过以代谢物的形式从人体和动物各个系统排出，二氯乙烷可以经肾脏从尿中排出，出可以通过呼气排出。危险特性：易燃，其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。受高热分解产生有毒的腐蚀性烟气。与氧化剂接触发生反应，遇明火、高热易引起燃烧，并放出有毒气体。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇明火会引着回燃。燃烧(分解)产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氯化氢、光气。 3.现场应急监测方法: 直接进水样气相色谱法快速检测管法；便携式气相色谱法《突发性环境污染事故应急监测与处理处置技术》万本太主编 4.实验室监测方法: 监测方法 来源 类别 溶剂解吸气相色谱法 WS/T138-1999 作业场所空气 无泵型采样气相色谱法 WS/T154-1999 作业场所空气 气相色谱法； 吡啶-碱比色法 《空气中有害物质的测定方法》(第二版)，杭士平编 空气 气相色谱法 《固体废弃物试验与分析评价手册》中国环境监测总站等译 固体废弃物 硫氰酸汞比色法 《化工企业空气中有害物质测定方法》，化学工业出版社 化工企业空气 吹扫捕集-气相色谱法 中国环境监测总站 水质 色谱/质谱法 美国EPA524.2方法 水质 5.环境标准: 中国(TJ36-79) 车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 25mg/m^3 中国(待颁布) 饮用水源中有害物质的最高容许浓度 0.03mg/L 中国(GHZB1-1999) 地表水环境质量标准(I、II、III类水域) 0.005mg/L 日本(1993) 环境标准 地面水：0.004mg/L 废水：0.004mg/L 土壤浸出液：0.004mg/L 6.应急处理处置方法: 一、泄漏应急处理 迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。1，2-二氯乙烷与四氯化碳的物理特征相似，故在土壤和水体受到其污染后可用相同的处置技术。⑴1，2-二氯乙烷，发生于地面上的污染事故紧急处理方法：①迅速用土、沙子或其它可以取到的材料筑成坝以阻止液体的流动，特别要防止其流入附近的水体中，用土壤将其覆盖并将其吸收。也可以在其流动的下方向挖一坑，将其收集在坑内以防四处扩散，然后将液体收集到合适的容器中。②在处理过程中不要用铁器(如铁勺、铁容器、铁铲等)，应改用其它工具，因为铁有助于1，2-二氯乙烷分解生成毒性更大的光气。有条件的话，操作人员在处理过程中应戴上防毒面具，或其它防护设备。③将受污染的土壤清除剥离后集中进行处理，有以下几种方法可视情况选用：a.加热土壤并加水，使1，2-二氯乙烷生成甲酸、一氧化碳和盐酸；b.将浓碱液加入到土壤中使其与1，2-二氯乙烷反应生成一氧化碳；c.将稀的氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾加入土壤中，使其与1，2-二氯乙烷反应生成甲酸钠或甲酸钾；以上操作应避免在光照条件下进行。d.对土壤进行焚烧处理，要保证完全燃烧，以防止光气产生。⑵由于1，2-二氯乙烷在环境中很稳定，可利用其易挥发的特点进行自然或人工强制性挥发至大气中。当有大量气态1，2-二氯乙烷挥发弥散时，应疏散污染源下风向的人群，以防中毒。⑶水体中受到污染时的处理处置技术：当1，2-二氯乙烷液体进入水体后，应设法阻断受污染水域与其它水域的通道，其方法为筑坝使其停止流动；开沟使其流向另一水体(如排污渠)等等。由于四氯甲烷属挥发性卤代烃类，对受其污染的水体最为简便易行处理方法是使用曝气(包括深进曝气)法，使其迅速从水体中逸散到大气中。另外，处理土壤的几种方法也可酌情使用。 废弃物处置方法：用焚烧法。废料同其他燃料混合后焚烧。燃烧要充分，防止生成光气。焚烧炉排气中的卤化氢通过酸洗涤器除去。 二、防护措施 呼吸系统防护：空气中浓度超标时，应该佩戴过滤式防毒面具(半面罩)。紧急事态抢救可撤离时，佩戴隔离式呼吸器。眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。身体防护：穿防静电工作服。手防护：戴橡胶手套。其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕，淋浴更衣。注意个人清洁卫生。 三、急救措施 皮肤接触：脱去被污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：洗胃。就医。 灭火方法：喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音，必须马上撤离。灭火剂：泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。用水灭火无效。

毒性和生态

毒理学数据: 1.急性毒性 LD50：670mg/kg（大鼠经口）；2800mg/kg（兔经皮） LC50：1000ppm（大鼠吸入，7h） 2.刺激性 家兔经皮：625mg，轻度刺激（开放性刺激试验）； 家兔经眼：63mg，重度刺激。 3.亚急性与慢性毒性 猴吸入0.22g/m^3，每天7h，每周5d，125次，无症状；4.11g/m^3，每天7h，5d/周，25~50次，死亡率较高。 4.致突变性 DNA抑制：人淋巴细胞5ml/L。哺乳动物体细胞突变：人淋巴细胞100mg/L 5.致癌性 IARC致癌性评论：G2B，人类可疑致癌物。 6.其他 大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度（TCLo）：300ppm（7h）（孕6~15d），引起植入后死亡率增加。LDLo：286mg/kg（人经口）；TDLo：428mg/kg（人经口）；TCLo：4000ppm（人吸入，1h） 生态学数据: 1.生态毒性 LC50：225mg/L（96h）（虹鳟鱼，静态）；230~710mg/L（96h）（蓝鳃太阳鱼，静态）；136mg/L（96h）（黑头呆鱼，静态）；65mg/L（96h）（褐虾）；218mg/L(48h)(水蚤) IC50：105~710mg/L（72h）（藻类） 2.生物降解性 好氧生物降解（h）：2400~4320 厌氧生物降解（h）：9600~17280 3.非生物降解性 空气中光氧化半衰期（h）：292~2917 一级水解半衰期（h）：1.1a CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION RTECS NUMBER : KI0525000 CHEMICAL NAME : Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 107-06-2 LAST UPDATED : 199712 DATA ITEMS CITED : 133 MOLECULAR FORMULA : C2-H4-Cl2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 98.96 WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : G2G HEALTH HAZARD DATA ACUTE TOXICITY DATA TYPE OF TEST : Open irritation test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit TYPE OF TEST : Standard Draize test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit TYPE OF TEST : Standard Draize test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration into the eye SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit TYPE OF TEST : Standard Draize test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration into the eye SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man DOSE/DURATION : 4000 ppm/1H TOXIC EFFECTS : Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral - coma Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 286 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting Liver - fatty liver degeneration TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 428 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cough Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man DOSE/DURATION : 892 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting Liver - jaundice, other or unclassified TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man DOSE/DURATION : 714 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Cardiac - change in rate Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 670 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - coma Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 807 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - ataxia TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intratracheal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 120 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 413 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Liver - other changes TYPE OF TEST : LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 5 gm/m3/2H TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 470 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 380 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 5700 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - ataxia TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 175 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Primate - monkey DOSE/DURATION : 3000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LC - Lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : >3000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 860 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 3000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 2800 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - ataxia TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 1200 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - pig DOSE/DURATION : 3000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea TYPE OF TEST : LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 1500 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 600 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other transferases TYPE OF TEST : LC - Lethal concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - species unspecified DOSE/DURATION : >3000 ppm/7H TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 21840 mg/kg/13W-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in bladder weight TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg/10-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Liver - changes in liver weight Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 200 ppm/7H/6W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1500 ppm/7H/5D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 43680 mg/kg/13W-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in bladder weight TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 200 ppm/7H/9D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 685 mg/kg/14D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Immunological Including Allergic - decrease in humoral immune response TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 1500 ppm/7H/5D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - corneal damage Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Primate - monkey DOSE/DURATION : 1000 ppm/7H/9W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - coma Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : 1000 ppm/7H/11W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 400 ppm/7H/19W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 200 ppm/7H/25W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 1500 ppm/7H/5D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Cardiac - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 5286 mg/kg/69W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal - tumors Skin and Appendages - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 5 ppm/7H/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood - leukemia Skin and Appendages - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 3536 mg/kg/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Skin and Appendages - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 5 ppm/7H/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Skin and Appendages - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 1120 gm/kg/74W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Skin and Appendages - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 38 gm/kg/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Vascular - tumors Gastrointestinal - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 76 gm/kg/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages - tumors Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - uterine tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 18 gm/kg/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Vascular - tumors Gastrointestinal - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 38 gm/kg/78W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages - tumors Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - uterine tumors TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation DOSE : 300 ppm/7H SEX/DURATION : female 6-15 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation DOSE : 208 mg/m3/6H SEX/DURATION : female 2 week(s) pre-mating female 1-21 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) TYPE OF TEST : Specific locus test TYPE OF TEST : Specific locus test TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage TYPE OF TEST : Specific locus test TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage TYPE OF TEST : DNA inhibition MUTATION DATA TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in mammalian somatic cells TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Ovary REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 90,183,1981 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 40 mg/m3 (10 ppm) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 IARC Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,429,1979 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,429,1979 IARC Cancer Review:Group 2B IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AJMEAZ American Journal of Medicine. (Technical Pub., 875 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022) V.1- 1946- Volume(issue)/page/year: 38,409,1965 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AIHAAP American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 1958- Volume(issue)/page/year: 40(3),A46,1979 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW VHTODE Veterinary and Human Toxicology. (American College of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology, Publication Office, Comparative Toxicology, Manhattan, KS 66506) V.19- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,31,1980 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW DCTODJ Drug and Chemical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1- 1977/78- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,319,1982 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: PB82-182825 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,79,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 50 ppm;CL 100 ppm;Pk 200 ppm/5M/3H CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-ARAB Republic of Egypt:TWA 5 ppm (2 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRIA:TWA 20 ppm (80 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3);STEL 20 ppm (80 mg/m3);Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY;Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:STEL 4 mg/m3;Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:TWA 10 ppm JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3);STEL 5 ppm (20 mg/m3);Skin;Carcinogen JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3);STEL 20 ppm (80 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE-air:10H CA TWA 1 ppm;STEL 2 ppm REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 24130 No. of Facilities: 7148 (estimated) No. of Industries: 92 No. of Occupations: 60 No. of Employees: 77671 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 24130 No. of Facilities: 2226 (estimated) No. of Industries: 38 No. of Occupations: 61 No. of Employees: 83246 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 33361 (estimated)

安全

• 符号: GHS02, GHS06, GHS08
• 信号词: Danger
• 危害声明: H225-H302-H315-H319-H331-H335-H350
• 警示性声明: P201-P210-P280-P308 + P313-P370 + P378-P403 + P235
• 个人防护装备: Eyeshields;Faceshields;full-face respirator (US);Gloves;multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US);type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter
• 危害码 (欧洲): F: Flammable;T: Toxic;
• 风险声明 (欧洲): R11;R22;R36/37/38;R45
• 安全声明 (欧洲): S53-S45-S24-S16-S7
• 危险品运输编码: UN 1184 3/PG 2
• WGK德国: 3
• RTECS号: KI0525000
• 包装等级: II
• 危险类别: 3
• 海关编码: 2903150000

合成路线

上下游产品

上游产品  9
54509-73-8 56-81-5 75-21-8 4895-49-2
7782-50-5 82947-32-8 79-00-5 121-44-8
75-00-3
下游产品  10
1078-32-6 106593-37-7 638-66-4 1119-75-1
10419-79-1 78-38-6 1070-42-4 461432-23-5
3570-58-9 80520-50-9

制备

1.乙烯与氯气直接合成法　以乙烯和氯气在1,2-二氯乙烷介质中进行氯化生成粗二氯乙烷及少量多氯化物，加碱闪蒸除去酸性物及部分高沸物，用水洗涤至中性，共沸脱水，精馏，得成品。

2.乙烯氧氯化法乙烯直接与氯气氯化生成二氯乙烷。由二氯乙烷裂解制氯乙烯时回收的氯化氢和预热至150-200℃的含氧气体（空气）和乙烯，通过载于氧化铝上的氯化铜触媒，在压力0.0683-0.1033MPa；温度200-250℃下反应，粗产品经冷却（使大部分三氯乙醛和部分水冷凝）；加压；精制，得二氯乙烷产品。

3.由石油裂解气或焦炉的乙烯直接氯化的方法。此外，在氯乙醇；环氧乙烷的生产中还副产有1,2-二氯乙烷。

4.将工业品1,2-二氯乙烷是用浓硫酸洗至酸层无色，而后用5%的氢氧化钙溶液洗，再用水洗一次，分去水层。用无水氯化钙干燥后，进行精馏。1,2-二氯乙烷能与水形成共沸混合物，含有8.9%的水，共沸点7.7℃。利用此特性脱去大量的水后再进行干燥和蒸馏即得纯品1,2-二氯乙烷。

5.将催化剂三氯化铁、氯化铜或氯化亚锑悬浮于二氯乙烷中作为反应介质，分别通入气体乙烯和氯气进行反应，控制反应温度为50～70℃，反应压力0.4～0.5 MPa：

反应所得产物用水洗去氯化氢和催化剂，静置分层，分去水层，然后用1%～2%的氢氧化钠洗涤，分去水层后进行共沸精馏，蒸出的共沸物静置分去水层，干燥后，再精馏，即得1,2-二氯乙烷纯品。

海关

海关编码	2903150000
申报要素	品名, 成分含量, 用途
监管条件	A.入境货物通关单 B.出境货物通关单 X.有毒化学品环境管理放行通知单
检验检疫	R.进口食品卫生监督检验 S.出口食品卫生监督检验 M.进口商品检验 N.出口商品检验
Summary	2903150000 1,2-dichloroethane。supervision conditions:ABx(certificate of inspection for goods inward,certificate of inspection for goods outward,environment control release notice for poisonous chemicals)。VAT:17.0%。tax rebate rate:0.0%。MFN tarrif:5.5%。general tariff:30.0%