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59-23-4

59-23-4 structure
59-23-4 structure
Name D-Galactose
Synonyms BRAIN SUGAR
galactos
EINECS 200-416-4
D-(+)-Galactose
Dextrogalactose
(+)-Galactose
D-Galactose (9CI)
MFCD00871336
Gal
d-galactos
D(+)-Galactose
(+)-aldehydo-D-galactose
Galactose, D-
D(+)-Glactose
aldehydo-D-galactose
Lactoglucose
cerebrose
MaltaseHydrate
Galactose
D-Galactose
Description D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
Related Catalog
Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

In Vitro Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation[1].
In Vivo Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuron migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. In addition, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice is a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective drugs and agents[2]. D-galactose given by oral route causes cognitive impairments in rats which are accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments is observed in the open-field test in the 4th and 6th weeks after d-gal administration, as well as an impairment in spatial memory in the radial maze test after the 6th week of d-gal administration[3].
Animal Admin Rats: D-galactose is dissolved in water for administration at the dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, and given by oral gavage, once a day, over a period of 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Animals are randomized into two groups: control animals (receiving water by oral gavage) or d-gal animals (receiving D-galactose by oral gavage). The behavioral tests and biochemical analysis are undertaken on the1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after the last administration of d-gal[3]. Mice: Male adult C57BL/6 mice are randomly divided into three groups (control, D-galactose, and D-galactose plus α-LA). D-galactose (100 mg/kg) is injected subcutaneously (s.c.) daily into mice for 7 weeks. α-LA (100 mg/kg body weight) is injected peritoneally (i.p.) daily concomitantly for 7 weeks. All control animals are given saline[2].
References

[1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11.

[2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54.

[3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43.
Density 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 527.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point 168-170 °C(lit.)
Molecular Formula C6H12O6
Molecular Weight 180.156
Flash Point 286.7±26.6 °C
Exact Mass 180.063385
PSA 110.38000
LogP -3.17
Vapour Pressure 0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.573
Storage condition Store at RT.
Water Solubility H2O: 100 mg/mL

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
LW5490000
CHEMICAL NAME :
Galactose, D-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
59-23-4
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
1724619
LAST UPDATED :
199709
DATA ITEMS CITED :
12
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C6-H12-O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
180.18

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
240 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
REFERENCE :
JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 70,676,1967
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
188 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8-10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
REFERENCE :
ANENAG Annales d'Endocrinologie. (Masson Editeur, 120 Blvd. Saint-Germain, F-25280 Paris Cedex 06, France) V.1- 1939- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,203,1959
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
440 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
REFERENCE :
JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 67,438,1965
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
475 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 3-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other postnatal measures or effects
REFERENCE :
SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- Volume(issue)/page/year: 214,1145,1981
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1000 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 3-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 21 day(s) post-birth
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - germ cell effects (in offspring)
REFERENCE :
SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- Volume(issue)/page/year: 214,1145,1981
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1260 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-21 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - abortion Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
REFERENCE :
TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 31,29A,1985
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
630 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-21 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
REFERENCE :
TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 33,46C,1986
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
16500 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8-12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
REFERENCE :
TCMUD8 Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,7,1987
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
840 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 14 day(s) pre-mating
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Maternal Effects - ovaries, fallopian tubes Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility
REFERENCE :
FESTAS Fertility and Sterility. (American Fertility Soc., 608 13th Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35282) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 49,522,1988 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 81790 No. of Facilities: 97 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 6 No. of Employees: 1707 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 81790 No. of Facilities: 148 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 7 No. of Employees: 2013 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1456 (estimated)
Personal Protective Equipment Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter
Hazard Codes Xi
Risk Phrases 36/37/38
Safety Phrases S22-S24/25
RIDADR NONH for all modes of transport
WGK Germany 3
RTECS LW5490000
HS Code 29400090
HS Code 29400090
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