Shikonine

Modify Date: 2024-01-02 16:54:11

Shikonine Structure
Shikonine structure
 Common Name Shikonine
CAS Number 517-89-5 Molecular Weight 288.295
Density 1.4±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point 567.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula C16H16O5 Melting Point 147ºC
MSDS N/A Flash Point 311.0±26.6 °C

 Use of Shikonine


Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin has shown various biological activities, including inhibition of TNF-α, NF-κB, HIV-1.

 Names

Name (R)-5,8-Dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione
Synonym More Synonyms

 Shikonine Biological Activity

Description Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin has shown various biological activities, including inhibition of TNF-α, NF-κB, HIV-1.
Related Catalog
Target

NF-κB

TNF-α

TMEM16A chloride channel:6.5 μM (IC50)

PKM2

In Vitro Shikonin is an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel with an IC50 of 6.5 μM[1]. Shikonin is also a specific inhibitor of PKM2[2] and can also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Shikonin at concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly inhibits ormal human keratinocytes (NHKs) viability, compare with that of control (P<0.05). Pretreatment with Shikonin for 2 h attenuates TNF-α-induced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation[3]. Treatments of Shikonin at 5 and 7.5 μM significantly inhibit the cell viability starting from 12 h and the inhibitory effects are presented in time-dependent patterns compare with the 0 h group in both cell lines. It is found that 5 μM Shikonin displays greater inhibition compare to 2.5 μM at the time points from 24 to 48 h. The invasiveness of U87 and U251 cells is significantly attenuated when treated with Shikonin at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM compare with the control group at 24 and 48 h (p<0.01)[4].
In Vivo Shikonin significantly inhibits the increase in IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with those in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The NF-κB protein expression level is significantly suppressed by Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The induction of the iNOS level is suppressed by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The administration of Shikonin markedly weakens the up-regulation of COX-2 protein expression in the rat model of osteoarthritis, as compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The elevation of caspase-3 activity is significantly reduced by Shikonin treatment in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The downregulation of Akt phosphorylation is also significantly recovered by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01)[5].
Cell Assay U87 and U251 cells are seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1×104 cells per well in standard DMEM and incubated for 24 h under standard conditions (37°C and 5% CO2). Then the medium is replaced with either blank, serum-free DMEM or DMEM containing Shikonin at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM. The total volume in each well is 200 μL. Finally, the plates are shaken softly and the optical density is recorded at 570 nm (OD570) using a plate reader. At least three independent experiments are performed[4].
Animal Admin Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30; 8 to 10-weeks old, 250 to 300 g) are used in this study. Rats are randomly assigned to three groups: Sham-operated group (n=10), osteoarthritis model group (n=10) and Shikonin-treated group (n=10). In the sham-operated group, the right knee joint of the anesthetized rat is only exposed under sterile conditions, and the rats are treated with 0.1 ml/100 g physiological saline (i.p.). In the osteoarthritis model group, osteoarthritis model rats were treated with 0.1 ml/100 g physiological saline (i.p.). In the Shikonin-treated group, osteoarthritis model rats are treated with 10 mg/kg Shikonin (i.p.) once daily for 4 days after osteoarthritis modeling[5].
References

[1]. Jiang Y et al. Shikonin Inhibits Intestinal Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels and Prevents Rotaviral Diarrhea. Front Pharmacol. 2016 Aug 23;7:270.

[2]. Li W, et al. Shikonin Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis via Inhibiting Cell Proliferation. PLoS One. 2015 May 11;10(5):e0126459.

[3]. Yan Y, et al. Shikonin Promotes Skin Cell Proliferation and Inhibits Nuclear Factor-κB Translocation via Proteasome Inhibition In Vitro. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015 Aug 20;128(16):2228-33.

[4]. Zhang FY, et al. Shikonin Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells by Targeting Phosphorylated β-Catenin and Phosphorylated PI3K/Akt: A Potential Mechanism for the Anti-Glioma Efficacy of a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Oct 9;16(10):23823-48.

[5]. Fu D, et al. Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med. 2016 Oct;12(4):2735-2740.

 Chemical & Physical Properties

Density 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 567.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point 147ºC
Molecular Formula C16H16O5
Molecular Weight 288.295
Flash Point 311.0±26.6 °C
Exact Mass 288.099762
PSA 94.83000
LogP 4.35
Vapour Pressure 0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.642

 Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
QL8000200
CHEMICAL NAME :
1,4-Naphthoquinone, 5,8-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (+)-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
517-89-5
LAST UPDATED :
199612
DATA ITEMS CITED :
3
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C16-H16-O5
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
288.32
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
L66 BV EVJ CYQ2UY1&1 GQ JQ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
>1 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 73,193,1977
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
20 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 73,193,1977
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
16 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PJPHEO Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology. (c/o Univ. of Karachi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karachi, 32, Pakistan) V.1- 1984- Volume(issue)/page/year: 3(1-2),43,1986

 Safety Information

Hazard Codes Xn
Risk Phrases R20/21/22
Safety Phrases S26-S36/37/39
HS Code 2914690090

 Synthetic Route

 Customs

HS Code 2914690090
Summary 2914690090 other quinones。Supervision conditions:None。VAT:17.0%。Tax rebate rate:9.0%。MFN tariff:5.5%。General tariff:30.0%

 Synonyms

5,8-Dihydroxy-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl]-1,4-naphthoquinone
1,4-Naphthalenedione, 5,8-dihydroxy-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl]-
1,4-Naphthalenedione, 5,8-dihydroxy-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-pentenyl]-
MFCD00075680
Shikonin
5,8-Dihydroxy-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl]-1,4-naphthoquinone
(+)-Alkannin
5,8-Dihydroxy-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-pent-3-enyl]naphthalene-1,4-dione
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