Rhein

Modify Date: 2024-01-02 11:40:32

Rhein Structure
Rhein structure
 Common Name Rhein
CAS Number 478-43-3 Molecular Weight 284.220
Density 1.7±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point 597.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula C15H8O6 Melting Point ≥300 °C(lit.)
MSDS Chinese USA Flash Point 329.4±26.6 °C
Symbol GHS07
GHS07		 Signal Word Warning

 Use of Rhein


Rhein is a lipophilic anthraquinone extensively found in medicinal herbs, and has many pharmacological effects, including epatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Rhein (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) evidently suppressed cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) but significantly lessened H2O2-induced DNA damage and the elevated MDA and ROS levels induced by H2O2/Fe2+ at the concentrations of 0.1–10 mg/mL [1].In vivo: Oral administration of rhein (150 mg/kg/d) evidently ameliorated renal interstitial fibrotic lesions and attenuated the expression of α-SMA and deposition of fibronectin (FN) in mice with renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Rhein also suppressed TGF-β1 and its type I receptor expression in obstructed kidneys [1]. The biochemical parameters results of IgAN model rats showed that rhein-prevented and rhein-treated both improved the biochemical parameters and relieved renal pathological injury. The expressions of renal tissue TLR4, TGF-β1, but not TLR9 were significantly elevated in IgAN model rats (P < 0.05). Rhein-prevented and rhein-treated both inhibited TLR4 and TGF-β1 expressions [2].

 Names

Name Rhein
Synonym More Synonyms

 Rhein Biological Activity

Description Rhein is a lipophilic anthraquinone extensively found in medicinal herbs, and has many pharmacological effects, including epatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Rhein (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) evidently suppressed cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) but significantly lessened H2O2-induced DNA damage and the elevated MDA and ROS levels induced by H2O2/Fe2+ at the concentrations of 0.1–10 mg/mL [1].In vivo: Oral administration of rhein (150 mg/kg/d) evidently ameliorated renal interstitial fibrotic lesions and attenuated the expression of α-SMA and deposition of fibronectin (FN) in mice with renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Rhein also suppressed TGF-β1 and its type I receptor expression in obstructed kidneys [1]. The biochemical parameters results of IgAN model rats showed that rhein-prevented and rhein-treated both improved the biochemical parameters and relieved renal pathological injury. The expressions of renal tissue TLR4, TGF-β1, but not TLR9 were significantly elevated in IgAN model rats (P < 0.05). Rhein-prevented and rhein-treated both inhibited TLR4 and TGF-β1 expressions [2].
Related Catalog
References

[1]. Xiaowen Chen, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in a protective effect of rhein on immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015 Jan-Feb; 47(1): 27–33.

[2]. Hou ML, et al. The Drug-Drug Effects of Rhein on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clozapine in Rat Brain Extracellular Fluid by In Vivo Microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015 Oct;355(1):125-34.

[3]. Yan-Xi Zhou, et al. Rhein: A Review of Pharmacological Activities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015; 2015: 578107.

 Chemical & Physical Properties

Density 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 597.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point ≥300 °C(lit.)
Molecular Formula C15H8O6
Molecular Weight 284.220
Flash Point 329.4±26.6 °C
Exact Mass 284.032074
PSA 111.90000
LogP 4.58
Vapour Pressure 0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.761
Storage condition 2-8°C
Water Solubility <0.1 g/100 mL at 17 ºC

 Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
CA9516000
CHEMICAL NAME :
2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9,10-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
478-43-3
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
2222155
LAST UPDATED :
199612
DATA ITEMS CITED :
2
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C15-H8-O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
284.23

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
>5 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PHTOEH Pharmacology and Toxicology (Copenhagen). (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.60- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 61,153,1987
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
>25 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PHTOEH Pharmacology and Toxicology (Copenhagen). (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.60- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 61,153,1987

 Safety Information

Symbol GHS07
GHS07
Signal Word Warning
Hazard Statements H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements P305 + P351 + P338
Personal Protective Equipment dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves
Hazard Codes Xi
Risk Phrases R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
Safety Phrases S26-S37/39
RIDADR NONH for all modes of transport
WGK Germany 2
RTECS CA9516000
HS Code 2918990090

 Synthetic Route

 Customs

HS Code 2918990090
Summary 2918990090. other carboxylic acids with additional oxygen function and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:30.0%

 Articles189

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 Synonyms

Rhein
1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxy-9,10-anthraquinone
EINECS 207-521-4
Cassic acid
2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9,10-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-
Rheic acid
Rhubarb Yellow
1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid
1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone
9,10-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid
MFCD00009618
Monorhein
4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid
4,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid
4,5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid
9,10-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid
Chrysazin-3-carboxylic acid
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