甘油
甘油用途
甘油作用
用作基本有机化工原料,广泛用于医药、食品、日用化学、纺织、造纸、油漆等行业
【用途二】
广泛用于制造醇酸树脂、聚氨酯等,也用于医药、化妆品、纺织印染和炸药等行业
【用途三】
是制造硝化甘油、醋酸甘油、表面活性剂、香精、醇酸树脂和酯胶等的原料,可直接用于防冻液、化妆品、油墨等
【用途四】
用作溶剂、润滑剂、化妆品、医药及抗冻剂,也用于有机合成
【用途五】
保水剂(用于面包、蛋糕类);载体溶剂(用于香料、色素、非水溶性防腐剂等);稠化剂(用于饮料、配制酒等);增塑剂(糖果、甜点、肉类制品);甜味剂。EEC规定可用于含醇饮料、糖果、蛋糕、涂层上光、肉和干酪涂层、无醇饮料、焙烤制品、胶姆糖、明胶甜食等。
【用途六】
甘油是重要的基本有机原料,在工业、医药及日常生活中用途十分广泛,目前大约有1700多种用途,主要用于医药、化妆品、醇酸树脂、烟草、食品、饮酸树脂、赛璐咯和炸药、纺织印染等方面。醇酸树脂、赛璐咯和炸药等领域的甘油耗用量呈下降趋势。但在医药、化妆品、食品方面的应用还将继续增长。我国前几年甘油的消费构成为涂料35.7%,牙膏32.6%,化妆品4.8%,卷烟6%,医药5.9%,聚醚4.8%,其它10.2%。在药物和化妆品制造中,甘油用以制取各种制剂、溶剂、吸湿剂、防冻剂、甜味剂,广泛用。甘油与对硝基苯胺环合,可得到是间体6-硝基喹啉。甘油与硬脂酸化得到的单硬酯是一种赋形剂,用作亲水性软膏的基质。甘油经消除反应得到丙烯醛,曾用于生产蛋氨酸和戊二醛。以甘油和磷酸为原料制得的甘油磷酸钾、甘油磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钙都用作营养药。甘油氯化可得到中间体一氯丙二醇,用于丙羟茶碱和愈创木酚甘油醚的生产。甘油参加对羟基苯甲醛和,4,6-三羟基-3,5-二甲基苯惭酮的环合、缩合,得到祛痰止咳药杜鹃素。甘油与丙酮缩合生成1,2-异丙叉甘油醚。用于升高白血球药鲨肝醇的制造。甘油硝化得到三硝酸甘油酯,即血管扩张药硝化甘油。甘油与2,5-二氨基苯甲醚硫酸盐环合,可得到中间体6-甲氧基-4,7-二氮杂菲。甘油也是中音标体6-甲氧基-7-硝基喹啉的原料。上述由甘油和芳香伯胺得到了几个喹啉衍生物,这类反应称斯克劳普(Skraup)反应。甘油的另一大用途是制取醇酸树脂。目前世界涂料所用的树脂以醇酸树脂、丙烯酸树脂、乙烯基树脂和环氧树脂占的比例最大,其中,醇酸树脂涂料在美国和日本都占第一位。在醇酸树脂所用的多元醇中甘油占用量的42%。甘油易于消化而无毒,可用作食品工业的溶剂、吸湿剂和载色剂。在调味和着色食品中,由于甘油具有粘性而有助于食品成型。在食品的快速冷冻中,甘油可用作与食品直接接角的传热介质。甘油还是食品加工和包装机械的润滑剂。此外,聚甘油和聚甘油和聚甘油酯在制造松脆食品和人造奶油方面的应用正逐年增加。甘油在烟草中(主要是雪茄烟)用作湿润剂以保持烟草的湿润,防止脆化,增加烟草的甜味。在雪茄烟纸和过滤纸中,以三乙酸甘油酯的形式用作增塑剂。三乙酸甘油酯在烟草工业中占甘油总消费量的三分之一。1970-1986年间我国甘油产量年均增长率为5.3%,但同期消费量年均增长率为7%。1983-1986年我国共进口甘油5.24万吨,平均年进口1.31万吨,占年消量的1/4。甘油已被公认为是无毒的安全的物质,人或动物口服大剂量天然或全成甘油不出现有害影响,人体静脉注射5%甘油溶液也示发生中毒现象。美国全国职业安全与保健学会(NIOSH)规定水中甘油含量在1000mg/L以上对人体无害。
【用途七】
甘油是重要的基本有机原料,在工业、医药及日常生活中用途十分广泛,目前大约有1700多种用途,主要用于医药、化妆品、醇酸树脂、烟草、食品、饮酸树脂、赛璐咯和炸药、纺织印染等方面。醇酸树脂、赛璐咯和炸药等领域的甘油耗用量呈下降趋势。但在医药、化妆品、食品方面的应用还将继续增长。校准仪器和装置;评价方法;工作标准;质量保证/质量控制;其他。
【用途八】
气相色谱固定液(最高使用温度75℃,溶剂为甲醇),分离分析低沸点含氧化物、胺类化合物、氮或氧杂环化合物,能完全分离3-甲基吡啶(沸点144.14℃)和4-甲基吡啶(沸点145.36℃)。适用于水溶液的分析。溶剂。
甘油名称
[ CAS 号 ]:
56-81-5
[ 中文名 ]:
甘油
[ 英文名 ]:
Glycerol
[中文别名 ]:
[英文别名 ]:
- Glycerin
- 1,2,3-propanetriol
- MFCD00675440
- EINECS 200-289-5
- Glycerol
- 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane
甘油生物活性
[ 描述 ]:
[ 相关类别 ]:
[ 靶点 ]
Human Endogenous Metabolite
[体外研究]
[体内研究]
[动物实验]
[参考文献]
[相关活性小分子]
甘油物理化学性质
[ 密度 ]:
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
[ 沸点 ]:
290.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
[ 熔点 ]:
20 °C(lit.)
[ 分子式 ]:
C3H8O3
[ 分子量 ]:
92.094
[ 闪点 ]:
160.0±0.0 °C
[ 精确质量 ]:
92.047340
[ PSA ]:
60.69000
[ LogP ]:
-2.32
[ 外观性状 ]:
透明无色,粘性液体
[ 蒸汽密度 ]:
3.1 (vs air)
[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
[ 折射率 ]:
1.490
[ 储存条件 ]:
库房通风低温干燥
[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable. Incompatible with perchloric acid, lead oxide, acetic anhydride, nitrobenzene, chlorine, peroxides, strong acids, strong bases. Combustible.
[ 水溶解性 ]:
>500 g/L (20 ºC)
甘油MSDS
甘油毒性和生态
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- MA8050000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Glycerol
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 56-81-5
- BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
- 0635685
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199712
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 50
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C3-H8-O3
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 92.11
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- Q1YQ1Q
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1428 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - headache Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 12600 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - muscle weakness Liver - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >570 mg/m3/1H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4420 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - toxic psychosis Cardiac - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5566 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4090 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8700 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 91 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4250 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 27 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >10 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 53 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7750 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 16800 mg/kg/28D-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - changes in adrenal weight
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 96 gm/kg/30D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 560 gm/kg/8W-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 100 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intratesticular
- DOSE :
- 280 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 2 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intratesticular
- DOSE :
- 1600 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intratesticular
- DOSE :
- 862 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intratesticular
- DOSE :
- 119 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
MUTATION DATA
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1 gm/kg
- REFERENCE :
- TGANAK Tsitologiya i Genetika. Cytology and Genetics. For English translation, see CYGEDX. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,436,1985 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-TWA 10 mg/m3, Inhalable particulate DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW INMEAF Industrial Medicine. (Chicago, IL) V.1-18, 1932-49. For publisher information, see IOHSA5. Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,-,1940 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 MSHA STANDARD:NUISANCE PARTICULATES (mist) DTLWS* "Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air," Supplements. For publisher information, see 85INA8. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,20,1973 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 15 mg/m3, total dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 5 mg/m3, respirable fraction CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 15 mg/m3, total dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 5 mg/m3, respirable fraction CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 15 mg/m3, total dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 5 mg/m3, respirable fraction CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 20 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 35085 No. of Facilities: 86657 (estimated) No. of Industries: 358 No. of Occupations: 198 No. of Employees: 1085329 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 35085 No. of Facilities: 67054 (estimated) No. of Industries: 310 No. of Occupations: 215 No. of Employees: 2135546 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1346631 (estimated)
甘油安全信息
[ 个人防护装备 ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;half-mask respirator (US);multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US)
[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
F:Flammable
[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R36;R20/21/22;R11
[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S24/25-S39-S26
[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1282 3/PG 2
[ WGK德国 ]:
1
[ RTECS号 ]:
MA8050000
[ 海关编码 ]:
2905450000
甘油合成路线
甘油上下游产品
甘油上游产品
甘油下游产品
甘油制备
甘油的工业生产方法可分为两大类:以天然油脂为原料的方法,所得甘油俗称天然甘油;以丙烯为原料的合成法,所得甘油俗称合成甘油。
1. 天然甘油的生产 1984年以前,甘油全部从动植物脂制皂的副产物中回收。直到目前,天然油脂仍为生产甘油的主要原料,基中约42%的天然甘油得自制皂副产,58%得自脂肪酸生产。制皂工业中油脂的皂化反应。皂化反应产物分成两层:上层主要是含脂肪酸钠盐(肥皂)及少量甘油,下层是废碱液,为含有盐类,氢氧化钠的甘油稀溶液,一般含甘油9-16%,无机盐8-20%。油脂反应。油脂水解得到的甘油水(也称甜水),其甘油含量比制皂废液高,约为14-20%,无机盐0-0.2%。近年来已普遍采用连续高压水解法,反应不使用催化剂,所得甜水中一般不含无机酸,净化方法比废碱液简单。无论是制皂废液,还是油脂水解得到的甘油水所含的甘油量都不高,而且都含有各种杂质,天然甘油的生产过程包括净化、浓缩得到粗甘油,以及粗甘油蒸馏、脱色、脱臭的精制过程。这一过程在一些书刊中有详细介绍。
2. 合成甘油的生产 从丙烯合成甘油的多种途径可归纳为两大类,即氯化和氧化。现在工业上仍在使用丙烯氯化法及丙烯不定期乙酸氧化法。
(1)丙烯氯化法 这是合成甘油中最重要的生产方法,共包括四个步骤,即丙烯高温氯化、氯丙烯次氯酸化、二氯丙醇皂化以及环氧氯丙烷的水解。环氧氯丙烷水解制甘油是在150℃、1.37MPa二氧化碳压力下,在10%氢氧化和1%碳酸钠的水溶液中进行,生成甘油含量为5-20%的含氯化钠的甘油水溶液,经浓缩、脱盐、蒸馏,得纯度为98%以上的甘油。
(2)丙烯过乙酸氧化法 丙烯与过乙酸作用合成环氧丙烷,环氧丙烷异构化为烯为丙醇。后者再与过乙酸反应生成环氧丙醇(即缩水甘油),最后水解为甘油。过乙酸的生产不需要催剂,乙醛与氧气气相氧化,在常压、150-160℃、接触时间24s的条件下,乙醛转化率11%,过乙酸选择性83%。上述后两步反应在特殊结构的反应精馏塔中连续进行。原料烯丙醇和含有过乙酸的乙酸乙酯溶液送入塔后,塔釜控制在60-70℃、13-20kPa。塔顶蒸出乙酸乙酯溶剂和水,塔釜得至甘油水溶液。此法选择性和收率均较高,采用过乙酸为氧化剂,可不用催化剂,反应速度较快,简化了流程。生产1t甘油消耗烯丙醇1.001t,过乙酸1.184t,副产乙酸0.947t。目前,天然甘油和合成甘油的产量几乎各占50%,而丙烯氯化法约占合志甘油产量的80%。我国天然甘油占总产量90%以上。
3.工业级甘油量用1/2量的蒸馏水稀释,搅拌充分后,加入活性炭,并加热至60~70℃进行脱色处理,然后,真空过滤,保证滤液澄清透明。控制滴加速度,将滤液加到事先处理好的732型强酸阳树脂和717型强碱阴阳树脂混合的柱内,以吸附除去甘油中的电解质和醛类、色素、酯类等非电解质杂质。
除去杂质后的甘油溶液进行减压蒸馏,控制真空度93326Pa以上,釜温在106~108℃,蒸出大部分水之后,再将釜温升到120℃快速脱水,不出水时停止加热,所得釜内物料即为成品。
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甘油文献
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【甘油】化源网提供甘油CAS号56-81-5,甘油MSDS及其说明、性质、英文名、生产厂家、作用/用途、分子量、密度、沸点、熔点、结构式等。CAS号查询甘油上化源网,专业又轻松。>>电脑版:甘油
标题:甘油_MSDS_作用_用途_甘油CAS号【56-81-5】_化源网 地址:https://m.chemsrc.com/mip/cas/56-81-5_401679.html