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视黄醇

视黄醇用途

Retinol 也被称为维生素 A1,具有多向性功能,包括视觉,免疫,造血,生殖,细胞分化/生长和发育。
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视黄醇名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
68-26-8

[ 中文名 ]:
维生素A

[ 英文名 ]:
Vitamin A

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

视黄醇生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

Retinol 也被称为维生素 A1,具有多向性功能,包括视觉,免疫,造血,生殖,细胞分化/生长和发育。

[ 相关类别 ]:

天然产物 >> 其他
研究领域 >> 炎症/免疫
研究领域 >> 代谢疾病

[ 靶点 ]

Human Endogenous Metabolite


[体外研究]

研究发现,肝微粒体(RDHs)对视黄醇代谢的贡献大于细胞质(ADHs),微粒体中视黄醇形成的克林特(Vmax/Km)高于细胞质[1]。

[体内研究]

结果显示,与对照(CON)大鼠相比,高脂饮食(HFD)显着降低血浆中视黄醇的基础水平,但显着提高肾脏,脂肪组织和肝脏中视黄醇的基础水平。结果显示HFD大鼠视黄醇吸收速度快于CON大鼠,Tmax明显缩短(HFD大鼠3.0±0.0小时,CON大鼠5.8±1.1小时,p <0.05)[1]。蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏饮食(MCD)大鼠中的血浆视黄醇水平显着低于对照,而MCD大鼠中的肝视黄醇水平显着更高。 MCD大鼠中视黄醇代谢酶和结合蛋白(GRBP-1,ALDH1A1和ALDH1A2)的肝脏表达显着高于对照大鼠[2]。

[激酶实验]

评估乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）/视黄醇脱氢酶（RDH）和视网膜脱氢酶（RALDH）的活性。简而言之，在β-烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（β-NAD +）和β-烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（β-NADP +）存在下，分别用视网膜形成评估肝ADHs / RDH和RALDHs活性。孵育混合物由肝细胞溶质/微粒体（最终浓度为0.5mg / mL）和一系列浓度的视黄醇，4.0mM辅因子，5mM MgCl2,71μM丁基化羟基甲苯组成，总体积为500μL。通过加入在37℃预温育5分钟的视黄醇引发反应。温育15分钟后，通过用等体积的含有0.005％丁基化羟基甲苯的正丁醇/甲醇，95：5（v：v）萃取来淬灭反应[1]。

[动物实验]

在该研究中使用Wistar大鼠（雄性，4周龄）。两组6只大鼠自由获得以下饮食：标准饮食（对照组）和蛋氨酸 - 胆碱缺乏饮食（MCD）组。每种饮食含有视黄醇（1000 IU / 100g）。 6周后，在过夜禁食后，在异氟烷麻醉下通过放血处死大鼠。将血液收集在肝素化管中，分离血浆以在-80℃下储存。取出肝脏，肠道，睾丸和肾脏，立即在液氮中冷冻，并储存在-80°C [2]。

[参考文献]

[1]. Zhang M, et al. High-fat diet enhanced retinal dehydrogenase activity, but suppressed retinol dehydrogenase activity in liver of rats. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Apr;127(4):430-8.

[2]. Miyazaki H, et al. Retinol status and expression of retinol-related proteins in methionine-choline deficient rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2014;60(2):78-85.


[相关活性小分子]

3-甲基腺嘌呤 | 氢化可的松 | N-乙酰半胱氨酸 | 维生素A酸； 视黄酸 | 褪黑素 | 地诺前列酮 | 烟酰胺 | 5'-三磷酸腺苷 | 对乙酰氨基苯酚 | 列腺素 E1 | 去氢表雄酮 | 肾上腺酮 | 孕酮； 黄体素； 黄体酮 | 二十二碳六烯酸 | 辅酶I

视黄醇物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.0±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
421.2±14.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
61-63 °C(lit.)

[ 分子式 ]:
C20H30O

[ 分子量 ]:
286.452

[ 闪点 ]:
147.3±16.4 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
286.229675

[ PSA ]:
20.23000

[ LogP ]:
6.84

[ 外观性状 ]:
黄色至橙色结晶固体

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±2.3 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.549

[ 储存条件 ]:
2-8°C

[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable, but light and air sensitive. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.

视黄醇MSDS

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

视黄醇毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
VH6750000
CHEMICAL NAME :
Retinol, all trans-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
68-26-8
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
0403040
LAST UPDATED :
199706
DATA ITEMS CITED :
60
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C20-H30-O
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
286.50
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
L6UTJ A1 B1U1Y1&U2U1Y1&U2Q C1 C1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - child
DOSE/DURATION :
5475 ku/kg/1Y-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - pleural effusion Gastrointestinal - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1510 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1510 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
73 mL/kg/16D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Musculoskeletal - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases Related to Chronic Data - death
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
73 mL/kg/16D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Musculoskeletal - other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in calcium Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
68 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-39 week(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
200 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8 week(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
76560 ug/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8-10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
113 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
150 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
683 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 4-16 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
22 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
240 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 9 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
1200 ku/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-17 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
60060 ug/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
60 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
60 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Parenteral
DOSE :
150 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
DOSE :
72 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
DOSE :
150 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 9 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 3 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - skin and skin appendages
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
120 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
9610 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8-12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
30 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
lactating female 1 day(s) post-birth
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - skin and skin appendages
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
375 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-11 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
45045 ug/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
145 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
145 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 9 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
145 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
180 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - body wall Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - gastrointestinal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
DOSE :
96 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11-14 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
DOSE :
480 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 11-14 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
DOSE :
12 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
DOSE :
480 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
DOSE :
120 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
DOSE :
240 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 14-17 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - hepatobiliary system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
45 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 12 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
77 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 8-18 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
52550 ug/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 9-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
TYPE OF TEST :
DNA inhibition
TYPE OF TEST :
DNA inhibition

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
Sister chromatid exchange
TEST SYSTEM :
Rodent - hamster Cells - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION :
24 mg/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 246,67,1991 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CLPTAT Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (St. Louis). (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,480,1964 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ARVPAX Annual Review of Pharmacology. (Palo Alto, CA) V.1-15, 1961-75. For publisher information, see ARPTDI. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,447,1965 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,121,1976 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CRTXB2 CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,351,1979 TOXICOLOGY REIVEW NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: PB-275-754 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JACTDZ Journal of the American College of Toxicology. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10128) V.1-12, 1982-1993. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 6(3),279,1987 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X1676 No. of Facilities: 546 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 7 No. of Employees: 12809 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 9075 (estimated)
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视黄醇安全信息

[ 符号 ]:

GHS07, GHS08

[ 信号词 ]:
Danger

[ 危害声明 ]:
H317-H319-H360-H413

[ 警示性声明 ]:
P201-P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P308 + P313

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xn: Harmful;F: Flammable;N: Dangerous for the environment;

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R22;R38

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S36/37-S61-S62

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1208 3/PG 2

[ WGK德国 ]:
3

[ RTECS号 ]:
VH6750000

[ 危险类别 ]:
3.0

[ 海关编码 ]:
3004500000

视黄醇合成路线

详细合成路线

视黄醇上下游产品

视黄醇上游产品

视黄醇下游产品

视黄醇制备

1.天然的维生素A由鱼肝油提取。其中海洋鱼类肝脏提取到的是视黄醇（维生素A1），淡水鱼类肝脏中提取到的是3-脱氢视黄醇，即维生素A2。

2.视黄醇及其衍生物的人工合成路线有很多条，常见的有Isler路线，即C13-C14-C20。

3.先由β紫罗兰酮与一氯乙酸乙酯缩合，经水解、脱羧基得十四碳醛；另由乙炔钠与甲基乙烯酮缩合，得到的物质再与乙基溴化镁反应得双溴镁化物。将双溴镁化物与十四碳醛缩合、水解、催化加氢得羟基维生素A，与乙酰氯作用得羟基维生素乙酸酯，再溴化、脱溴得维生素乙酸酯。
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视黄醇海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 3004500000

视黄醇文献

Selective lentiviral gene delivery to CD133-expressing human glioblastoma stem cells.

PLoS ONE 9(12) , e116114, (2014)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor lineages, are believed to cause tum...

Impact of vitamin C on the cardiometabolic and inflammatory profiles of mice lacking a functional Werner syndrome protein helicase.

Exp. Gerontol. 72 , 192-203, (2015)

Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder caused by mutations in a DNA helicase/exonuclease. Mice lacking the helicase domain of this protein exhibit metabolic abnormalities that are reversed...

Effect of concentrate feeder design on performance, eating and animal behavior, welfare, ruminal health, and carcass quality in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets.

J. Anim. Sci. 93 , 3018-33, (2015)

A total of 240 Holstein bulls (121 ± 2.0 kg initial BW; 99 ± 1.0 d of age), from 2 consecutive fattening cycles, were randomly allocated in 1 of 6 pens and assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments consisting...


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