The endocrine system is an in vivo information transmission system composed of endocrine glands and endocrine cells scattered in certain tissues and organs. Hormones are high-potential bioactive substances secreted by endocrine glands or scattered endocrine cells, acting as informers. The endocrine glands mainly include the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary and adrenal gland. The hormones they secrete mainly regulate metabolism, blood pressure, loss of appetite, development and breeding and other physiological functions. Hormones can be broadly classified into two classes - peptide/amino acid-derived hormones and steroid hormones, most of which are derived from cholesterol. Peptide hormones generally bind to cell surface receptors and initiate a signal transduction cascade, while steroid hormones are transmembrane sex hormones that act on receptors involved in transcriptional regulation in cells. Major diseases caused by endocrine gland dysfunction include diabetes (pancreas), Graves' disease (thyroid), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (thyroid), and Addison's disease (adrenal gland). There are two main types of hormones, steroid hormones and peptide hormones. Steroid hormones mainly include female reproductive hormones (estrogen and progesterone) secreted by the ovaries, androgen hormones (androgens) and adrenal metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids and aldosterone) secreted by the testes. The adrenal glands of men and women also secrete traces of important androgen, which can be converted to estrogen by aromatase metabolism. Most hormones are transported by blood loads to distant target tissues or target cells. This method is called telecrine; some hormones can be transported without blood, and only by tissue fluids, acting on neighboring cells. The method is called paracrine; if the hormone secreted by endocrine cells returns to the endocrine cells and then acts as a feedback, this method is called autocrine (au-bdm); in addition, many nerves in the hypothalamus Meta-energy synthesizes and secretes hormones, which are called neurohormone. Neurohormones can be released along the axons of neuronal transport by axoplasmic flow to the distal end, which is called neurourine. Hormones are involved in controlling and integrating many functions such as circulation, balance of water and electrolytes, digestion and absorption of food, metabolism and energy balance of organic matter, reproduction, and response to stress. The main hormones of the human body and their effects. This chapter mainly introduces the hormonal effects and movements of hormones and adaptations related to substances and energy metabolism that have a significant impact on muscle working ability. Amino acids can be derived from amines and peptide hormones. Amine hormones are derived from tyrosine and are secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, as well as the parathyroid glands and organs of the digestive system. Peptide hormones bind to membrane-specific receptors and alter cellular activity by modulating cellular signaling pathways. Peptide hormones include insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and prolactin. Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by the pancreas. It is involved in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controlling blood sugar balance, and promoting liver and skeletal muscle to convert glucose in the blood into glycogen. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that is structurally very similar to insulin, regulating growth hormone (GH) and affecting the growth and development of cells. Prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Other important protein receptors include the estrogen-related receptor-gamma (ERRγ), a protein receptor that has many similarities to the estrogen receptor, but it does not form a complex with estradiol. The aromatic hydrocarbon (ARH) receptor, although it is not clear what natural ligands are bound to it, there is evidence that the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor system plays an important role in regulating cellular stress response.


Amino compound >
Oxy-containing amino compound Cycloalkylamines, aromatic monoamines, aromatic polyamines and derivatives and salts thereof Acyclic monoamines, polyamines and their derivatives and salts Amide compound Sulfonic acid amino compound
Alcohols, phenols, phenolic compounds and derivatives >
2-cycloalcohol Halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of alcohols Extremely halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of phenols Phenol and its halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives Acyclic alcohol
Nitrogen-containing compound
Nitrile compound
Organic derivative of hydrazine or hydrazine
Terpenoid
Ether compounds and their derivatives >
Ether, ether alcohol Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitrosation of ethers, ether alcohols, ether phenols
Aldehyde
Carboxylic compounds and derivatives >
Cyclic carboxylic acid Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitrosation of carboxylic acids Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitration of carboxylic anhydrides Carboxylic acid halide Carboxylic esters and their derivatives Salt of carboxylic acid ester and its derivatives Acyclic carboxylic acid
Hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives >
Aromatic hydrocarbon Cyclic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon sulfonate Hydrocarbon halide Hydrocarbon nitrite Acyclic hydrocarbon
Ketone compound
Alkyl ureas and their derivatives and salts
Inorganic acid ester
Heterocyclic compound
Diazo, azo or azo compound
Organosilicon compound
Organometallic compound >
Organic palladium Organic germanium, cobalt, strontium, barium, gallium, germanium, germanium, germanium, germanium, etc. Organic calcium Zirconium Organic potassium Organic Organic lithium Organic Organic aluminum Organotin Organic manganese Organic sodium Organic nickel Organic titanium Organic iron Organic copper Organotin Organic zinc Organic Organic Organic germanium, mercury, silver, platinum, etc. Organic germanium, antimony, bismuth, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, lead, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, antimony, etc.
Organic sulfur compound
Organic phosphine compound
Organometallic salt
Organic fluorine compound >
Fluorobenzoic acid series Fluorobenzonitrile series Fluorobenzaldehyde series Fluorobenzyl alcohol series Fluoroanisole series Fluoroaniline series Fluorophenylacetic acid series Fluorophenol series Fluorobenzoic acid series Fluoronitrobenzene series Fluoropyridine series Potassium fluoroborate series Fluorobenzyl alcohol series Fluorotoluene series Fluorine red series Fluoroethane series Fluoropropane series
Respiratory medication >
Asthma Other respiratory medications Peony Antitussive
Hormone and endocrine-regulating drugs >
Birth control pills Pituitary hormone Estrogen and progestogen drugs Adrenocorticotropic drugs Gonadotropin Thyroid hormone and antithyroid drugs other Prostaglandins Adrenal corticosteroids Androgen and anabolic hormone drugs Pancreatic hormones and other blood sugar regulating drugs Treatment of male erectile dysfunction drugs
Antipyretic analgesics >
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Antipyretic and analgesic Anti-migraine drug Anti-gout medicine Analgesic
Antiallergic >
Allergic reaction medium blocker Antihistamine
Antiparasitic drug >
Anti-amebiasis and anti-trichomoniasis drugs Antimalarial Resistance to filariasis and anti-leishmaniasis Anti-fungal medicine Anthelmintic Antiprotozoal Anthelmintic
Antibiotics >
Beta-lactamase inhibitor Aminoglycoside Macrolide drug Peptide Polyene Rifamycin Lincosamide Other antibiotics Penicillin Tetracycline Cephalosporin Amide alcohol Agricultural antibiotics
Antineoplastic agents >
Hormone antineoplastic agents Antimetabolite antineoplastic Antibiotic antineoplastic agents Anti-tumor adjuvant Other antineoplastic agents Natural source antineoplastic agents Alkylating agent Tinic antineoplastic agents Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment
Anesthetic Agents >
Skeletal muscle relaxant Local anesthetics General anesthetics
Urinary system medication >
Diuretic Diabetes insipidus medication Other urinary system medication Dehydrated medicine
Other chemicals >
other Health and epidemic prevention drugs
Synthetic anti-infective drugs >
Sulfonamides and synergists Antiviral drugs Anti-tuberculosis leprosy Antihelium drug Antifungal drugs Quinolone Natural source anti-infectives Disinfectant antiseptic Nitrofuran
Nervous system medication >
2 sedative and hypnotics Antiepileptic and anticonvulsant Anxiolytic Antipsychotic Antidepressant, manic Anti-shock palsy Brain metabolism regulating drug Cholinergic Other nervous system medication Central stimulant Parkinson's syndrome
Water, electrolyte and acid-base balance regulator >
Electrolyte balance regulator Glucose drug Acid-base balance regulator
Vitamins and minerals >
Trace elements and mineral drugs Vitamin AD drugs Vitamin B drugs Vitamin C drugs Nutritional health medicine
Digestive system medication >
Liver disease medication Acid and gastric mucosal protective drugs Biliary medicine Other digestive system medication Appetite suppressant and other diet pills Gastrointestinal drug Gastrointestinal expectorant Laxative antidiarrheal Inhibition of gastric acid secretion Antiemetic emetic Digestive drug
Blood system medication >
Leukocyte proliferative drug Platelet proliferative drug Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs Anti-anemia drug Blood volume expander Hemostatic drug
Circulatory system medication >
Regulating blood lipids Prevention and treatment of angina pectoris Calcium channel blocker Anti-congestive heart failure medicine Antihypertensive drug Antiarrhythmic drug Anti-shock vasoactive drug Other circulatory system medication Angiotensin converting enzyme and receptor inhibitor Peripheral vasodilator Beta-adrenergic receptor blocker Treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency Anti-atherosclerosis
Diagnostic medication >
Organ function test agent Image inspection medication
Special medicine >
Radioisotope Antidote Stomatology medication Dermatology medication Surgical medication Ophthalmic medication
Drugs that affect tissue metabolism
Feed drug additive
Anti-stress drug
Immune function drug >
Immunomodulatory drug Immunosuppressive drug
Veterinary drug raw materials
Inhibitor
Common amino acids and protein drugs
Nucleic acid drug
Enzymes and coenzymes
Inhibitor >
Immune inhibitor Protein tyrosine kinase Neuronal Signaling PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) Metabolism Cell Cycle Epigenetics Cytoskeletal Signaling Angiogenesis DNA damage Proteases Apoptosis Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Endocrinology & Hormones G protein coupled receptor(GPCR & G Protein) Transmembrane Transporters Tyrosine protein kinase/signal transducer and transcriptional activator inhibitor (JAK/STAT) TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway inhibitor (TGF-beta/Smad) Stem Cells & Wnt Signaling Paths (Stem Cells & Wnt) Nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB) Ubiquitin inhibitor Microbiology Autophagy lysosome (Autophagy)
Biological response modifier
Fatty drug
Amino acids and their derivatives >
Arginine derivatives Asparagine derivatives Aspartic acid derivative Cysteine derivative Glutamine derivative Glutamic acid derivative Glycine derivatives Histidine derivative Isoleucine derivative Leucine derivative Lysine derivative Methionine derivatives Phenylalanine derivatives Proline derivatives Serine derivative Threonine derivative Tryptophan derivatives Tyrosine derivatives Proline derivatives Alanine derivatives Methionine derivatives BOC-amino acid Cbz-amino acid FMOC-amino acid --amino acid Other protected amino acids Amino alcohol derivative Amino acid salt Ester amino acid Other amino acid derivatives Natural amino acids and their derivatives
Carbohydrate >
Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide Double sugar
Biochemical reagent >
Biological dye Acid-base indicator Adjuvant
Nucleoside drugs >
Nucleoside intermediate Deoxynucleotides and their analogues Nucleotides and their analogues
Condensing agent
Peptide
Natural product
Plant extracts
Chinese herbal medicine ingredients
Microbiological reagent
Protein research
antibody >
Antibody Enzyme secondary antibody Apoptosis and autophagy Cell metabolism Chromatin / epigenetic / cell cycle Cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway Neuroscience Immunity and inflammation PKC, calcium ion and lipid signaling pathway Stem cells, development and differentiation Protein translation, folding and degradation Other categories of primary antibodies
  • CAS Number: 152-62-5
  • MF: C21H28O2
  • MW: 312.446
  • Catalog:Estrogen/progestogen Receptor agonist
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 462.8±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 168-173°C
  • Flash Point: 172.2±25.7 °C
  • CAS Number: 1032823-75-8
  • MF: C23H28N4O4S
  • MW: 456.558
  • Catalog:GPR agonist
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 655.1±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 350.0±34.3 °C
  • CAS Number: 130663-39-7
  • MF: C31H32N4O3
  • MW: 508.61
  • Catalog:RAAS antagonist
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 775.8±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 423.0±32.9 °C
  • CAS Number: 885101-89-3
  • MF: C22H21NO3
  • MW: 347.407
  • Catalog:GPR agonist
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 538.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 279.4±28.7 °C
  • CAS Number: 198480-56-7
  • MF: C30H35ClN2O3
  • MW: 507.06400
  • Catalog:Estrogen/progestogen Receptor regulator
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A
  • CAS Number: 956104-40-8
  • MF: C21H15F4N5O2S
  • MW: 477.435
  • Catalog:Androgen Receptor Inhibitor
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A
  • CAS Number: 82034-46-6
  • MF: C24H31ClO7
  • MW: 466.952
  • Catalog:Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonist
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 600.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 220.5-223.5ºC
  • Flash Point: 316.7±31.5 °C