Terpenoid

Anthraquinones are a class of aromatic organic compounds having a six-carbon cyclic diketone structure containing two double bonds. For example, p-benzoquinone, o-benzoquinone. Terpenes have the properties of open-chain diketones, which can undergo addition reactions and reduction reactions, and lack the properties of aromatic compounds. The structure and color of the 醌 type are closely related, so most of the quinone compounds are colored substances. Terpenoids also include naphthoquinones, phenanthrenequinones and anthraquinones in a broad sense. Terpenoids are a class of compounds that include steroids or are easily converted to steroids, and are closely related to steroids in biosynthesis. They are often found in nature as pigments in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Many important Chinese medicines such as rhubarb, cassia seed, senna, comfrey, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum multiflorum, aloe vera and other major active ingredients contain terpenoids. According to the chemical structure, terpenoids can be classified into benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones and phenanthrenequinones. Some of these terpenoids play a role in the transfer of electrons in the redox reaction in the body, while others have antibacterial or antitumor activities, such as walnut, sassafras, rapa, etc., and some are the main active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine. For example, shikonin and isotonicin which have hemostasis, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumor activities in comfrey are the main active ingredients of comfrey. When a quinone compound has no phenolic hydroxyl group in the molecule, it is almost colorless. With the introduction of a chromophore such as a phenolic hydroxyl group, the color of the chromophore is more. The more the chromophore is introduced, the deeper the color, the yellow, orange, Brown red, purple red, etc. Most of the anthraquinone derivatives are yellow to orange red. Most of the natural terpenoids are colored crystals, and benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are mostly present in free state, while terpenoids are often combined with strontium and exist in traditional Chinese medicines, and most of them are difficult to obtain good crystallization. Free hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives have sublimation properties. Small molecules of phenylhydrazine and naphthoquinones are volatile and can be distilled with steam. The free hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives are soluble in organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, benzene, chloroform, etc., and are sparingly soluble or insoluble in water. It is soluble in methanol and ethanol after being combined with strontium. It is soluble in hot water, but it has low solubility in cold water and is almost insoluble in non-polar organic solvents such as benzene, ether and chloroform.