Nucleotides and their analogues

Nucleotides are composed of bases, pentoses, and phosphoric acids and are the basic unit of nucleic acids that make up biomacromolecules. Depending on the pentose sugar in the nucleotide composition, the nucleotide can be divided into ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides to constitute a second type of nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The bases constituting the nucleotide are pyrimidine and anthracene. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered heterocyclic organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms. The common pyrimidine bases in nucleotides are cytosine (C), uracil (V) and thymine (T). Rhodium is a heterocyclic compound containing 4 nitrogens. Adenine (A) and bird's note (G) are the major purines that make up the nucleotides. Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of ribose or deoxyribose and bases into nucleosides, and the hydroxyl groups in the nucleosides are phosphated. The C5 hydroxyl group, which is mostly free of 5' nucleotides, ie, pentose sugar, is phosphorylated. Nucleotides are colorless powders or crystals, soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents, solutions are optically active, have strong UV absorption at 260 nm, are ampholytes, and dissociate at different pHs. These properties are in the nucleus. The preparation, analysis and determination of glycosides have great practical value. Nucleotide-like substances are widely used, such as ATP, GTP, 5'-nucleotides, etc., as medical adjuvants. Nucleotide analogs such as 5'-fluorouracil have anticancer effects, and polycytidine is an inducer of interferon and has an antiviral effect. In the food industry, inosinic acid and guanylic acid are the preservatives of MSG. When mixed with MSG, it can greatly increase the umami taste of MSG. In biological research, nucleotides are also essential reagents.