Natural product

An organic compound isolated and extracted from a living organism in nature is called a natural product. They are formed in animals and plants through biochemical effects and photosynthesis. For example, starch comes from the seeds, stems and roots of plants; meat, dairy, eggs and grains, beans are the basic source of protein; many drugs such as ephedrine, menthol, snake gall, etc. are extracted from the corresponding organisms. Blue dye indigo, red dye alizarin, etc. are proposed from natural loquat leaves and alfalfa; natural spices musk, jasmine, rose, etc. are also from the corresponding animal and plant. In most cases, natural products do not appear to be essential to the plants, insects, or microorganisms that produce them, but are significantly different from other organic compounds in the natural world, such as sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, and multimers formed by them. . For example, morphine is only found in a few species such as Papaver poppy, Poppy, Poppy, and the genus of the genus. Although morphine is used as an analgesic by humans, people do not know its function in these plants. Another example is that penicillin is produced by a small number of fungi species and not by other organisms. They are used as antibacterial drugs by humans to treat various infectious diseases, but they are of little use in the microorganisms that produce them. Marine natural products refer to organic substances extracted from marine organisms, including aliphatic, aromatic, anthraquinone, sterol, and various types of compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur. The ocean is a treasure trove of biological and pharmacologically active natural products. The ocean is home to about 80% of the world's flora and fauna and about 1,500 species of bacteria. For example, seaweed, a common plant in the ocean, has a long history in China as a food and medicine. For example, one of the world's earliest medical literatures, Shennong Bencao, has “seaweed therapy” and “oyster strong bone festival, killing evil spirits”. "The record." Seaweed is rich in various organic compounds with unique structures. In particular, these metabolites have a variety of physiological activities, such as terpenoids characterized by halogen enrichment, as well as aliphatic compounds, sulfur, nitrogen and sterol. The compounds and the like have many antibacterial activities as well as physiological activities against cardiovascular diseases. Polymeric polysaccharides (such as alcohol esters, alginate, and carrageenan) that have important applications in industry and medicine are also produced from seaweed. The highly physiologically active toxic components (such as tetrodotoxin) obtained from thousands of toxic organisms in the ocean are valuable assets that nature has given to humans. It has been found that about 10% of marine animal extracts have anti-P388 lymphocytic leukemia and KB cell activity; about 3.5% of marine plant extracts have anti-tumor or cytotoxic effects. Among the more than 400 kinds of marine natural products studied by Americans, 100 species have been found to have various biological and pharmacological activities.