GPR109A is a G-protein-coupled receptor for nicotinate but recognizes butyrate with low affinity. GPR109A is expressed in the lumen-facing apical membrane of colonic and intestinal epithelial cells and that the receptor recognizes butyrate as a ligand. The expression of GPR109A is silenced in colon cancer in humans, in a mouse model of intestinal/colon cancer, and in colon cancer cell lines. The tumor-associated silencing of GPR109A involves DNA methylation directly or indirectly. Reexpression of GPR109A in colon cancer cells induces apoptosis, but only in the presence of its ligands butyrate and nicotinate. Butyrate is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, but apoptosis induced by activation of GPR109A with its ligands in colon cancer cells does not involve inhibition of histone deacetylation. The primary changes in this apoptotic process include down-regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and cyclin D1 and up-regulation of death receptor pathway. In addition, GPR109A/butyrate suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB activation in normal and cancer colon cell lines as well as in normal mouse colon. These studies show that GPR109A mediates the tumor-suppressive effects of the bacterial fermentation product butyrate in colon.


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Monomethyl fumarate

Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 2756-87-8
  • MF: C5H6O4
  • MW: 130.099
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 250.0±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 144-145ºC
  • Flash Point: 108.9±16.1 °C

Acifran

Acifran (AY 25712), an antihyperlipidemic agent, is an orally active agonist of GPR109A (HM74A) and GPR109B, the high and low affinity receptors for Niacin[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 72420-38-3
  • MF: C12H10O4
  • MW: 218.20500
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: 1.343 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 378.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 149.4ºC

GSK256073

GSK256073 is a potent, selective and orally active GPR109A agonist and a long-lasting and non-flushing HCA2 full agonist with a pEC50 of 7.5 (human HCA2). GSK256073 acutely improves glucose homeostasis via inhibition of lipolysis and has the potential for the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)and dyslipidemia[1][2]. GPR109A: G-protein coupled receptor 109A; HCA2: hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2

  • CAS Number: 862892-90-8
  • MF: C10H13ClN4O2
  • MW: 256.68900
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

1-Isopropyl-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid

GPR109 receptor agonist-1 (Compound 3a) is a highly selective agonist of the human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109b, with the pEC50 of 6.4. GPR109 receptor agonist-1 can be used for the research of cardio-metabolic diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 306935-41-1
  • MF: C10H11N3O2
  • MW: 205.213
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 413.9±18.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 229-230ºC
  • Flash Point: 204.1±21.2 °C

MK-0354

MK-0354 is a partial agonist of GPR109a receptor, for hGPR109a/ mGPR109a with EC50 of 1.65/1.08 μM, showed no activation of GPR109b.IC50 value: 1.65 μM (EC50, for hGPR109a), 1.08 μM (EC50, for mGPR109a) [1]Target: GPR109ain vitro: MK-0354 demonstrated clear and statistically significant partial agonism in the cAMP assays for both the mouse and human receptors with efficacy approximately 60-70% of that of either nicotinic acid or β-hydroxy butyrate, a putative physiologically relevant ligand for hGPR109a, in the same assay platform. In addition, MK-0354 showed no activation of GPR109b in the cAMP assay at any concentration up to 100 μM. Following these interesting observations, we then prepared a number of other 5,5-fused pyrazoles analogous to those that showed receptor activity in our earlier studies. MK-0354 appeared to be somewhat unique among the members of the pyrazole tetrazole series in having reasonable receptor activity.[1]in vivo: MK-0354 retained the plasma free fatty acid lowering effects in mice associated with GPR109a agonism, but did not induce vasodilation at the maximum feasible dose. Moreover, preadministration of MK-0354 blocked the flushing effect induced by nicotinic acid but not that induced by PGD2. This profile made MK-0354 a suitable candidate for further study for the treatment of dyslipidemia.[1] MK-0354 is a GPR109A partial agonist that activates the antilipolytic pathway in adipocytes. The single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as tolerability, of MK-0354 were examined in two Phase I studies conducted in healthy male volunteers. The lipid efficacy of MK-0354 was assessed in a Phase II study conducted in male and female patients with dyslipidemia.[2]

  • CAS Number: 851776-28-8
  • MF: C7H8N6
  • MW: 176.179
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 535.3±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 273.9±25.8 °C

Monomethyl fumarate-d5

Monomethyl fumarate-d5 is deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate. Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 1616345-45-9
  • MF: C5HD5O4
  • MW: 135.13
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MK-6892

MK-6892 is a potent, selective, and full agonist for the high affinity nicotinic acid (NA) receptor GPR109A. Ki and GTPγS EC50 of MK-6892 on the Human GPR109A is 4 nM and 16 nM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 917910-45-3
  • MF: C19H22N4O5
  • MW: 386.40200
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

WAY-622024

GPCR agonist-2 (Compound 5j) is a GPCR GPR109b (HM74) agonist, with a pEC50 value of 6.51. GPCR agonist-2 can be used for research of lipid disorders[1].

  • CAS Number: 291528-35-3
  • MF: C10H10N2O4
  • MW: 222.20
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5-Ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylicacid

GPR109 receptor agonist-2 (Compound 5) is a selective GPR109a agonist with a pEC50 of 5.53[1].

  • CAS Number: 957129-38-3
  • MF: C7H10N2O2
  • MW: 154.17
  • Catalog: GPR109A
  • Density: 1.257±0.06 g/cm3 (20 °C, 760 mmHg)
  • Boiling Point: 383.2±30.0 °C (760 mmHg)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A