Semapimod tetrahydrochloride (CNI-1493), an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine production, can inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Semapimod tetrahydrochloride inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50≈0.3 μM). Semapimod tetrahydrochloride inhibits p38 MAPK and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Semapimod tetrahydrochloride has potential in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders[1][2][3].
UM-164 is a highly potent inhibitor of c-Src with a Kd of 2.7 nM. UM-164 also potently inhibits p38α and p38β.
Tat-NR2B9c is a 20-aa peptide, which acts as a postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) inhibitor, with an EC50 of 6.7 nM for PSD-95d2 (PSD-95 PDZ domain 2), and 670 nM for PSD-95d1; Tat-NR2B9c also reduces NMDA-induced p38 activation, and possesses neuroprotective efficacy.
Anti-inflammatory agent 35 (compound 5a27) is an orally active curcumin analogue with anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory agent 35 blocks mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and p65 nuclear translocation of NF-kB. Anti-inflammatory agent 35 also inhibits yellow neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Anti-inflammatory agent 35 significantly attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in vivo[1].
Neflamapimod (VX-745) is a potent and selective inhibitor of p38α, and possesses anti-inflammatory activity.
SB-242235 is a potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 1.0 uM.IC50 Value: 1.0 uM [1]Target: p38 MAPKin vitro: SB 242235 inhibited intracellular p38 activity, human chondrocytes were treated with different doses of SB 242235 prior to stimulation with IL-1_ for 15 min. MAPKAP K2 was then isolated from these cells and assayed using HSP27 as a substrate. SB 242235 dose-dependently inhibited the activation of MAPKAP K2 with an IC50 of 1.0 uM [1].in vivo: SB-242235 demonstrates generally favourable pharmacokinetic properties in all species examined(including rat, dog and monkey). Systemic plasma clearance was high in rat, but in the non-rodent species SB-242235 demonstrated low to moderate clearance with plasma half-lives > 4h. Oral bioavailability in each preclinical species was high. In rat and monkey, SB-242235 demonstrated non-linear elimination kinetics that manifested as a decrease in clearance with increasing dose and apparent oral bioavailability > 100% at high oral doses [2].In the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice, SB242235, prior to UVB irradiation, blocked activation of the p38 MAPK cascade, and abolished MAPKAPK-2 kinase activity and phosphorylation of HSP27. Moreover, SB242235 inhibited expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and KC (murine IL-8) and COX-2 [3]. The preclinical pharmacokinetics of SB-242235 have been described previously. The present studies were conducted to describe the in vitro metabolic rates and routes of SB-242235 metabolism, to characterize its in vivo preclinical metabolism, and to use these data to aid in the prediction of the pharmacokinetic behaviour of SB-242235 in man [4].
Cannabisin D inhibits proliferation and migration of glioblastoma cells through MAPKs signaling[1].
p38-α MAPK-IN-1 is an inhibitor of MAPK14 (p38-α), with IC50 of 2300 nM in EFC displacement assay, and 5500 nM in HTRF assay.
Doramapimod (BIRB 796) is a highly potent p38 MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM. It also inhibits B-Raf with an IC50 of 83 nM.
SB 239063 is a potent and selective p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50 = 44 nM for p38α). SB 239063 displays > 220-fold selectivity over ERK, JNK1 and other kinases; ~ 3-fold more selective than SB 203580. IC50 value: 44 nM ( p38α)Target: p38 MAPKSB 239063 reduces inflammatory cytokine production and is neuroprotective following oral administration in vivo.
p38 MAPK-IN-4 (compound 6) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with an 50 of 35 nM[1].
Licochalcone E, a flavonoid compound isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflate, inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activity through the inhibition of AKT and MAPK activation[1].
MPAK13-IN-1 is a MAPK13 (p38δ) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 620 nM.
3′-O-Demethyl-4′-N-demethyl-4′-N-acetyl-4′-epi-staurosporine (Compound 7) is an inhibitor of protein kinases, with IC50s of 0.092, 0.26, 0.77 μM for PKC-α, ROCK, ASK1. 3′-O-Demethyl-4′-N-demethyl-4′-N-acetyl-4′-epi-staurosporine shows potent cytotoxicity against PC-3 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 0.16 μM[1].
LL-Z1640-4 is a potent p38/JNK signaling inhibitor. LL-Z1640-4 significantly diminishes p38 and JNK activation in HCC cells transfected with MLK4 siRNA. LL-Z1640-4 markedly attenuates ROS production induced by MLK4 knockdown. LL-Z1640-4 significantly reduces the apoptotic cells in HCC cells transfected with siMLK4[1][2].
VX-702 is a highly selective inhibitor of p38α MAPK(IC50=4 -20 nM), 14-fold higher potency against the p38α versus p38β.IC50 value: 4-20 nM [1]Target: p38α MAPKin vitro: Pre-incubation of platelets with VX-702 (1 μM) completely or partially inhibits p38 activation (IC50 4 to 20 nM) induced by platelet agonists including thrombin, SFLLRN, AYPGKF, U46619 and collagen. VX-702 shows no effect on platelet aggregation induced by any of the p38 MAPK agonists in the presence or absence of anti-platelet therapies [1]. VX-702 inhibits the production of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα (IC50 = 59, 122 and 99 ng/mL, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner [2]. in vivo: The half-life of VX-702 is 16 to 20 hours, with a median clearance of 3.75 L/h and a volume of distribution of 73 L/kg. Both AUC and Cmax values are dose proportional for VX-702, which is predominantly cleared renally [2]. VX-702 (at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg twice daily) has an equivalent effect as that of methotrexate (0.1 mg/kg). In addition, VX-702 (5 mg/kg twice daily) also has an equivalent effect as prednisolone (10 mg/kg once daily), as measured by percentage inhibition of wrist joint erosion and inflammation score [3].
Emprumapimod is a potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of p38α MAPK directly inhibits LPS-induced IL-6 production from RPMI-8226 cell (IC50=100 pM). Emprumapimod can be used for the research of dilated cardiomyopathy and acute inflammatory pain[1][2].
(Rac)-Hesperetin-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation.
NF-κB/MAPK-IN-1 (compound 11a) is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPK pathway. NF-κB/MAPK-IN-1 shows inhibitory activity against NO production, with an IC50 of 6.96 µM. NF-κB/MAPK-IN-1 suppresses LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2, ERΚ and P38 signaling activation. NF-κB/MAPK-IN-1 can prevent LPS induced inflammatory response in macrophages. NF-κB/MAPK-IN-1 can be used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) research[1].
MW-150 dihydrochloride dihydrate (MW01-18-150SRM dihydrochloride dihydrate) is a selective inhibitor of p38αMAPK isoform with a ki of 101 nM[1].
p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor VI (compound c32) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with an inhibition rate of 24%[1].
Exarafenib (RAF/KIN_2787) is a potent, orally active pan-RAF inhibitor. Exarafenib has anticancer activity by suppression of downstream MAPK pathway signaling. Exarafenib can be used for cancer research[1][2].
A novel potent and selective TGF-βRI (ALK5) inhibitor with IC50 of 4.83 nM, dispalys >300-fold selectivity over p38α; decreases phosphorylated Smad2 levels and the nuclear translocation of Smad2 increased by TGF-β1, inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and wound healing of NMuMG cells; inhibits metastasis to lung from breast tumours in xenografted mice.
MK2-IN-5 is a Mk2 pseudosubstrate (Ki= 8 μM). MK2-IN-5 targets the protein interaction domain in the MAPK pathway. MK2-IN-5 inhibits HSP25 and HSP27 phosphorylation[1][2][3].
4′-Hydroxywogonin (8-Methoxyapigenin), a flavonoid, could be isolated from a variety of plants including Scutellaria barbata and Verbena littoralis. 4′-Hydroxywogonin has anti-inflammatory activity via TAK1/IKK/NF-κB, MAPKs and PI3/AKT signaling pathways. 4′-Hydroxywogonin inhibits angiogenesis by disrupting PI3K/AKT signaling. 4′-Hydroxywogonin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis[1][2][3].
p38 MAPK-IN-2 is an inhibitor of p38 kinase.
ML3403 is a potent p38 MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.38 μM[1].
FR-167653 is a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor.
SD 0006 (SD-06) is a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor; inhibits p38α with an IC50 value of 170 nM and inhibits LPS-stimulated TNF-release in rats (83% inhibition at 1mg/kg, po).
FR-167653 is a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor.