Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a large group of proteases that cleave ubiquitin from proteins and other molecules. Ubiquitin is attached to proteins in order to regulate the degradation of proteins via the proteasome and lysosome; coordinate thecellular localisation of proteins; activate and inactivate proteins; and modulate protein-protein interactions. DUBs can reverse these effects by cleaving the peptide or isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and its substrate protein. In humans there are nearly 100 DUB genes, which can be classified into two main classes: cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. The cysteine proteases comprise ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), Machado-Josephin domain proteases (MJDs) and ovarian tumour proteases (OTU). The metalloprotease group contains only the Jab1/Mov34/Mpr1 Pad1 N-terminal+ (MPN+) (JAMM) domain proteases. DUBs play several roles in the ubiquitin pathway. One of the best characterised functions of DUBs is the removal of monoubiqutin and polyubiquitin chainsfrom proteins.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

USP7-IN-7

USP7-IN-7 (compound 124) is a USP7 inhibitor with an IC50 value <10 nM. USP7-IN-7 shows cytotoxicity against p53-mutant cancer cell lines, p53 wild-type blood cancer and neuroblastoma cell lines with low nanomolar values. USP7-IN-7 can be used for cancer research[1].

  • CAS Number: 2413944-70-2
  • MF: C27H28ClN3O3S
  • MW: 510.05
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TCID

TCID (4,5,6,7-Tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione) is a potent and selective neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L3) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 μM[1]. TCID diminishes glycine transporter GlyT2 ubiquitination in brainstem and spinal cord primary neurons[2].

  • CAS Number: 30675-13-9
  • MF: C9H2Cl4O2
  • MW: 283.923
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.8±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 448.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 218-220ºC
  • Flash Point: 188.8±29.3 °C

MF-094

MF-094 is a potent and selective USP30 inhibitor with an IC50 of 120 nM.

  • CAS Number: 2241025-68-1
  • MF: C30H37N3O4S
  • MW: 535.70
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

GRL 0617

GRL0617 is a potent, selective and competitive noncovalent inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro)/deubiquitinase, with an IC50 of 0.6 μM, and with a Ki of 0.49 μM[1].

  • CAS Number: 1093070-16-6
  • MF: C20H20N2O
  • MW: 304.38600
  • Catalog: SARS-CoV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Vialinin A

Vialinin A (Terrestrin A) is a p-terphenyl compound with antioxidant properties[1]. Vialinin A is a potent inhibitor of TNF-α, USP4, USP5, and sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1). Vialinin A (Terrestrin A) can be used for autoimmune diseases and cancer research[2][3].

  • CAS Number: 858134-23-3
  • MF: C34H26O8
  • MW: 562.57
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 846.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 277.1±27.8 °C

MTX115325

MTX115325 (Example 1) is an orally active, brain-penetrating USP30 inhibitor (IC50=12 nM) with neuroprotective activity. MTX115325 increases ubiquitination (EC50=32 nM) of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein TOM20 (a USP30 substrate), increasing mitophagy. MTX115325 prevents dopaminergic neuron loss and preserves striatal dopamine[1].

  • CAS Number: 2750895-97-5
  • MF: C18H16N6O2
  • MW: 348.36
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

CT1113

CT1113 is a potent USP28 and USP25 inhibitor. CT1113 decreases the MYC level in vivo,exhibits anti-tumor activity in mouse pancreatic cancer CDX model[1].

  • CAS Number: 2523435-18-7
  • MF: C25H29N5O2S
  • MW: 463.60
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP7-IN-6

USP7-IN-6 is a potent ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) inhibitor, extracted from patent WO2017212010A1, example 25, has an IC50 of 6.8 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 2166586-47-4
  • MF: C41H43N7O4S
  • MW: 729.89
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP7-IN-1

USP7-IN-1 is a selective and reversible inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), with an IC50 of 77 μM, and can be used for the research of cancer.

  • CAS Number: 1381291-36-6
  • MF: C23H24ClN3O3
  • MW: 425.90800
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP7-IN-5

USP7-IN-5 is a potent ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) inhibitor extracted from patent WO2017212012A1, example 40, has an IC50 of 49.9 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 2166599-74-0
  • MF: C36H43N5O6
  • MW: 641.76
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

XL 188

XL 188 is a potent and selective USP7 inhibitor with IC50 values of 90 nM and 193 nM for USP7 full-length and catalytic domain enzyme, respectively. XL 188 can be used in research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2305045-76-3
  • MF: C32H42N6O4
  • MW: 574.71
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

P 22077

P 22077 is a cell-permeable ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) inhibitor with an EC50 of 8.01 μM. It also inhibits USP47 with an EC50 of 8.74 μM.

  • CAS Number: 1247819-59-5
  • MF: C12H7F2NO3S2
  • MW: 315.31600
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DUB-IN-7

DUB-IN-7 (compound 43) is a Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) inhibitor. DUB-IN-7 can be used in the study of diseases mediated by dysregulated JAK2 activity, such as leukemia[1].

  • CAS Number: 2894064-79-8
  • MF: C17H19N5O
  • MW: 309.37
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP25 and 28 inhibitor AZ-1

USP25/28 inhibitor AZ1 (AZ1) is a potent, selective, noncompetitive, dual ubiquitin specific protease (USP) 25/28 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.7 μM and 0.6 μM, respectively. USP25/28 inhibitor AZ1 reduces cell viability across a range of cancer cell lines[1].

  • CAS Number: 2165322-94-9
  • MF: C17H16BrF4NO2
  • MW: 422.21
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

C527

C527 is a is a pan DUB enzyme inhibitor, with a high potency for the USP1/UAF1 complex (IC50=0.88 μM).

  • CAS Number: 192718-06-2
  • MF: C17H8FNO3
  • MW: 293.249
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 488.6±47.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 249.3±29.3 °C

IMP-1710

IMP-1710 (IMP1710) is a potent, selective, covalent UCHL1 inhibitor with IC50 of 38 nM.IMP-1710 demonstrated exquisite selectivity in a cross-screening against 20 DUBs.IMP-1710 can profile activity of endogenous UCHL1 with excellent selectivity in cell types including endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549).IMP-1710 demonstrated >50% fibroblast–myofibroblast transition (FMT) inhibition (IC50=740 nM) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), as well as αSMA inhibition.IMP-1710 is a powerful and selective probe to explore UCHL1 activity with potential application to substrate identification, mode of action studies, and cellular target profiling.

  • CAS Number: 2383117-96-0
  • MF: C23H19N5O
  • MW: 381.439
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

NSC-632839

NSC632839 is a nonselective isopeptidase inhibitor, which inhibits USP2, USP7, and SENP2 with EC50s of 45±4 μM, 37±1 μM, and 9.8±1.8 μM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 157654-67-6
  • MF: C21H22ClNO
  • MW: 339.858
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 522.7ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 184ºC

ML 323

ML-323 is a reversible, potent USP1-UAF1 inhibitor with IC50 of 76 nM in a Ub-Rho assay. The measured inhibition constants of ML-323 for the free enzyme (Ki) is 68 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1572414-83-5
  • MF: C23H24N6
  • MW: 384.477
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 515.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 265.5±32.9 °C

P5091

P005091 is a selective and potent inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) with an EC50 of 4.2 μM.

  • CAS Number: 882257-11-6
  • MF: C12H7Cl2NO3S2
  • MW: 348.225
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 452.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 227.4±28.7 °C

RA-9

RA-9 is a potent and selective proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) inhibitor with favorable toxicity profile and anticancer activity. RA-9 blocks ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation without impacting 20S proteasome proteolytic activity. RA-9 selectively induces onset of apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines and primary cultures derived from donors. RA-9 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress responses in ovarian cancer cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 919091-63-7
  • MF: C19H15N3O5
  • MW: 365.34000
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DC-U4106

DC-U4106 is a USP8 targeting inhibitor with the Kdvalue of 4.7 μM and the IC50 value of 1.2 μM. DC-U4106 can target the ubiquitin pathway and facilitate the degradation of Erα. DC-U4106 inhibits tumor growth with minimal toxicity and has the potential for the research of breast cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2410534-62-0
  • MF: C29H27N5O5
  • MW: 525.56
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HBX 41108

HBX 41108 is an uncompetitive inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) with an IC50 of 424 nM. HBX 41108 inhibits USP7-mediated p53 deubiquitination to stabilize p53 and inhibits cancer cell growth. HBX 41108 induces p53-dependent apoptosis in p53 wild type and null isogenic cancer cell lines[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 924296-39-9
  • MF: C13H3ClN4O
  • MW: 266.64200
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.66g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 604.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 319.6ºC

DUBs-IN-2

DUBs-IN-2 is a potent deubiquitinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.28 μM for USP8.

  • CAS Number: 924296-19-5
  • MF: C15H9N5O
  • MW: 275.26500
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.36±0.1 g/cm3 (20 °C, 760 mmHg)
  • Boiling Point: 555.7±60.0 °C (760 mmHg)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP8-IN-1

USP8-IN-1 is a USP8 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.9 μM. USP8-IN-1 inhibits H1975 cell growth with a GI50 of 82.04 μM (CN111138358A; U10)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2477650-96-5
  • MF: C18H21N5O3S
  • MW: 387.46
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

I-138

I-138 is an orally active compound structurally related to ML323 (HY-17543). I-138 and ML-323 are potent reversible inhibitors of USP1-UAF1. I-138 displays synergistic binding with ubiquitin and mutual exclusive binding with ML323. I-138 induces the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and PCNA in MDA-MB-436 cells, increases PCNA and FANCD2 monoubiquitination in HAP-1 USP1 WT cells. I-138 ablates USP1 autocleavage in cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 2098211-50-6
  • MF: C26H23F3N6O
  • MW: 492.50
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

USP7/USP47 inhibitor

USP7/USP47 inhibitor is a selective ubiquitin-specific protease 7/47 (USP7/USP47) inhibitor, with EC50s of 0.42 μM and 1.0 μM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 1247825-37-1
  • MF: C18H11Cl2N3O3S3
  • MW: 484.39900
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DUBs-IN-3

DUBs-IN-3 is a potent deubiquitinase (USP) enzyme inhibitor extracted from reference compound 22c with an IC50 of 0.56 μM for USP8.

  • CAS Number: 924296-17-3
  • MF: C16H9N5O
  • MW: 287.27600
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.31g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 560.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 292.7ºC

FT709

FT709 is a potent and selective USP9X inhibitor, an IC50 of 82 nM. USP9X has been linked with centrosome function, chromosome alignment during mitosis, EGF receptor degradation, chemo-sensitization, and circadian rhythms[1].

  • CAS Number: 2413991-74-7
  • MF: C23H22N4O7S
  • MW: 498.51
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Acetamide, 2-[[3,4-dihydro-6-(4-morpholinyl)-4-oxo-3-(2-phenylethyl)-2-quinazolinyl]thio]-N-[(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl]-

BC-1471 is a STAM-binding protein (STAMBP) deubiquitinase inhibitor. BC-1471 inhibits NALP7 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 7) inflammasome activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 896683-84-4
  • MF: C27H32N4O4S
  • MW: 508.63
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DUBs-IN-1

DUBs-IN-1 is an active inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), with an IC50 of 0.24 μM for USP8.

  • CAS Number: 924296-18-4
  • MF: C20H11N5O
  • MW: 337.33400
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: 1.32g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 632.2ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 336.2ºC