MSDC-0602K (Azemiglitazone potassium), a PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinedione (Ps-TZD), binds to PPARγ with the IC50 of 18.25 μM[1]. MSDC-0602K modulates the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). MSDC-0602K can be used for the research of fatty liver including dysfunctional lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance[2]. MSDC-0602K, an insulin sensitizer, improves insulinemia and fatty liver disease in mice, alone and in combination with Liraglutide[3].
Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) is a fatty acid derivatized analog of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide with improved antihyperglycaemic and insulinotropic properties. Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) can be used for research of diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity[1][2][3].
MSDC 0160 act as an insulin sensitizer and a modulator of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a key controller of cellular metabolism that influences mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation. In Vitro: MSDC-0160 acts as insulin sensitizers without activating PPARγ. MSDC-0160 (10 μM) pretreatment (1 hour) prevents the MPP+ (10 μM)-induced loss of both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive differentiated Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells. MSDC-0160 protects only TH-immunoreactive neurons, which is consistent with the selected concentration of MPP+ primarily being toxic to dopamine neurons. In addition, MSDC-0160 counteracts both MPP+-induced shortening of neurite length and reduces branching in both LUHMES cells. MSDC-0160 (10 or 100 μM) prevents the loss of GFP-fluorescent dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP+ (0.75 mM) in nematodes (P =0.0001), whereas 1 μM MSDC-0160 does not. MSDC-0160 (10 μM) blocks LPS-induced increases in iNOS expression in BV2 cell lysates. MSDC-0160 is mainly to prevent the activation of mTOR produced by the metabolic changes rather than to directly inhibit mTOR kinase activity[1]. PPARγ sparing TZD, MSDC-0160, reduces resistance in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and restores IGF-1-induced akt phosphorylation. MSDC-0160 (10-20 μM) in conbination with IGF-1 prevents the loss of insulin content and maintains insulin secretion. Treatment of human islets with MSDC-0160 (1-50 μM) activates AMPK and downregulates mTOR. MSDC-0160 (1-50 μM) treatment maintains human β-cell phenotype[2]. The combined treatment with PPARγ ligands (MSDC 0160) and γ-radiation synergistically induces caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, and PPARγ ligands significantly enhance the γ-radiation-induced DNA damage response in a PPARγ-independent manner[3].In Vivo: MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) can be observed in plasma and brain tissue of the mice, proving MSDC-0160 can effectively enter the brain. MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) treatment 3 days after MPTP injection, improves motor behavior, protects nigrostriatal neurons, and suppresses disease progression in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), improves motor behavior in the open-field and rotarod tests in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD, and prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD. MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) modulates mTOR signaling in C. elegans and the MPTP mouse model of PD. MSDC-0160 down-regulates mTOR signaling and restores autophagy in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD[1].
D-(+)-Sorbose, an active enantiomer of D-Sorbose, which inhibits disaccharidase activity and demonstrates suppressive action on postprandial blood levels of glucose and insulin in the rat. D-sorbose acts as a sweetener may contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus[1].
KU14R is a new I(3)-R antagonist, which selectively blocks the insulin secretory response to imidazolines.IC50 Value:Target: Insulin ReceptorA new I(3)-R antagonist, KU14R (2 (2-ethyl 2,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazole), which selectively blocks the insulin secretory response to imidazolines. KU14R partially attenuated responses to Imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAA-RP). The effects of KU14R on stimulus secretion-coupling in normal mouse islets and beta cells was compared by measuring KATP channel activity, plasma membrane potential, cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) and dynamic insulin secretion. In the presence of 10 mmol/l but not of 5 mmol/l glucose, KU14R (30, 100 or 300 micromol/l) was ineffective. KATP channel was blocked by KU14R (IC50 31.9 micromol/l, Hill slope -1.5). KU14R does not act as an antagonist of either efaroxan or S22068 at an imidazoline site in vivo.
ERK Inhibitor II (Negative control) is an effective inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ERK Inhibitor II (Negative control) inhibits the activation of insulin receptor, which can be used in the study of diabetes[1][2].
NVP-AEW541 is a potent inhibitor of IGF-1R with IC50 of 0.15 μM, also inhibits InsR, with IC50 of 0.14 μM.
Insulin efsitora alfa (LY-3209590) is a selective agonist of insulin receptor (IR). Insulin efsitora alfa is a fusion protein composed of human IR agonists fused with the crystallizable (Fc) domain of human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) fragment, with a molecular weight of 64.1 kDa. Insulin efsitora alfa is well tolerated and has potential applications in diabetes patients[1].
Insulin peglispro (BIL) is a basal insulin with a flat, prolonged activity profile. Insulin peglispro can exhibit better glycaemic control compared to conventional insulins[1].
Insulin (swine) is a porcine-derived insulin used in diabetes research[1].
HNMPA is a membrane impermeable insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. HNMPA inhibits serine and tyrosine autophosphorylation by the human insulin receptor. HNMPA has no effect on protein kinase C or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities[1][2]
Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway.
Aganirsen is a 25 mer DNA antisense oligonucleotide, which silences expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1).
Ceritinib dihydrochloride (LDK378 dihydrochloride) is potent inhibitor against ALK with IC50 of 0.2 nM, shows 40- and 35-fold selectivity against IGF-1R and InsR, respectively.
SU4984 is a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 10-20 μM for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). SU4984 is also inhibits platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and insulin receptor. SU4984 can be used for the research of cancer[1][2][3].
GIP (1-30) amide, porcine is a full glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist with high affinity equal to native GIP(1-42)[1].
Demethylasterriquinone B1 is a selective insulin receptor activator. Demethylasterriquinone B1 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR β subunit, and the activation of PIK3 and AKT[1].
BMS-754807 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/insulin receptor family kinases (IR) with IC50 of 1.8 and 1.7 nM, respectively and Ki of <2 nM for both, and also shows potent activities against Met, RON, TrkA, TrkB, AurA, and AurB with IC50 values of 6, 44, 7, 4, 9, and 25 nM, respectively.
CMX-2043 is a novel analogue of α-Lipoic Acid (HY-N0492). CMX-2043 is effective in antioxidant effect, activation of insulin receptor kinase, soluble tyrosine kinase, and Akt phosphorylation. CMX-2043 shows protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat model[1][2].
BMS-536924 is an ATP-competitive IGF-1R/IR inhibitor with IC50 of 100 nM/73 nM.IC50 value: 100 nM (IGF-1R); 73 nM (IR) [1]Target: IGF-1R; IRin vitro: BMS-536924 also inhibits FAK and Lck with IC50 of 150 nM and 341 nM, respectively. BMS-536924 inhibits cellular proliferation and disrupts Akt and MAPK phosphorylation [1]. BMS-536924 inhibits IGF-I-stimulated IGF-1R signaling in MCF10A cells and blocks constitutive IGF-1R activity in CD8-IGF-1R-MCF10A. Preincubation of MCF10A cells with 1 μM BMS-536924 completely blocks the ability of IGF-I to stimulate IGF-1R phosphorylation. IGF-I stimulation results in increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, GSK3β, and Akt. BMS-536924 inhibits this ligand-induced phosphorylation. Treatment of the CD8-IGF-1R-MCF10A cells with BMS-536924 results in a dose-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation with partial inhibition at 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM, but complete receptor inhibition at a concentration of 1 μM. Maximal inhibition of phosphorylated IGF-1R is observed as early as 10 minutes following incubation. BMS-536924 retains its ability to inhibit IGF-1R phosphorylation for up to 48 hours. Addition of BMS-536924 time-dependently inhibits Akt phosphorylation starting at 1 hour. By 48 hours, Akt activation is completely blocked [2]. in vivo: Oral administration of BMS-536924 at 100-300 mpk strongly inhibits IGR-1R Sal tumor model. Efficacy is also observed in the nonengineered Colo205 human colon carcinoma mode. Oral administration of 3 on a once a day schedule (100-300 mpk) or a twice a day schedule (50, 100 mpk) demonstrates antitumor activity in this tumor model. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) shows 100 mpk (b.i.d.) causes a significant elevation in glucose levels after glucose challenge. The pharmacokinetic parameters of BMS-536924, administered orally in poly(ethylene glycol) 400 and water (80:20 v/v), are determined in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey. Good bioavailability is evident in all species. Significant nonlinear pharmacokinetics is observed in rodents at increasing p.o. dose [1]. Oral administration of 70 mg/kg BMS-536924 significantly inhibits tumor growth (TGBC-1TKB cells) inoculated in nude mice. BMS-536924 up regulates apoptosis in xenografts tumors. The treatment doesn't have adverse effects on the body weight of mice or the glucose levels at the time of death, suggesting tolerable toxicity [3].
[D-Ala2]-GIP (human) is a GIP receptor agonist. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) improves glucose tolerance. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) shows neuroprotective activity in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) also improves cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in obese diabetic rats. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) can be used for research of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, etc[1]
GSK1838705A is a potent and reversible IGF-IR and the insulin receptor inhibitor with IC50s of 2.0 and 1.6 nM, respectively. It also inhibits ALK with an IC50 of 0.5 nM.
Ceritinib D7 (LDK378 D7) is a deuterium labeled Ceritinib. Ceritinib is a selective, orally bioavailable and ATP-competitive ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor[1].
DA-JC4 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist and can be used for the research of neurological disease and insulin signaling pathways[1][2][3].
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, porcine is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42 amino acid intestinal hormone with effects on fat and glucose metabolism[1].
Losmapimod is a dual inhibitor of the IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor with IC50s of 35 and 75 nM, respectively.
Valanafusp alfa (AGT-181) is a brain penetrating recombinant fusion protein of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the human insulin receptor (HIR) and human iduronidase (IDUA). Valanafusp alfa can be used for the research of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) [1].
NT219 is a potent and dual inhibitor of insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (IRS1/2) and STAT3. IRS1/2 and STAT3 are major signaling junctions regulated by various oncogenes. NT219 affects IRS1/2 degradation and inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation. NT219 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases[1].
Rhoifolin is a flavone glycoside isolated from Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck leaves. Rhoifolin is beneficial for diabetic complications through enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) translocation[1]. Rhoifolin ameliorates titanium particle-stimulated osteolysis and attenuates osteoclastogenesis via RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathways[2].
[Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion that also stimulates insulin secretion. [Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human can be used in diabetes, obesity research[1][2].