Epigeneics include any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells. Many types of epigenetic processes have been identified—they include DNA methylation, alteration in the structure of histone proteins and gene regulation by small noncoding microRNAs.

Many different DNA and histone modifications have been identified to determine the epigenetic landscape. DNA methylation is mainly mediated by DNA-methyl transferase (DNMT), there are two known types of DNMT, namely DNMT1, which preserves preexisting pattern of methylation after cell replication, and DNMT3A/B, so-called “de novo” DNMT, which methylate previously unmethylated DNA. Histone modifications mainly include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. The acetylation of histones can be mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetyltransferases (HDACs), while Histhone demethylation is performed by two classes of histone demethylases: lysine-specific demethylase (LSD) family proteins (LSD1 and LSD2) and JmjC domaincontaining histone demethylase (JHDM). Furthermore, enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications can also be governed by miRNAs. For example, miR-34a can directly inhibit the activities of SIRT1 to regulate cholesterol homeostasis.

The accumulated evidence indicates that many genes, diseases, and environmental substances are part of the epigenetics picture. At the FDA, scientists are investigating many drugs that function through epigenetic mechanisms. Drugs that inhibit DNA methylation or histone deacetylation have been studied for the reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and repression of cancer cell growth. Epigenetic inhibitors can also work alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

References:
[1] Bob Weinhold. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3): A160–A167.
[2] Xu W, et al. Genet Epigenet. 2016 Sep 25;8:43-51.
[3] Biswas S, et al. Pharmacol Ther. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.011.
[4] Perri F, et al. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017 Mar;111:166-172.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
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Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
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Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
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Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
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Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
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Y02224

Y02224 is a BET inhibitor. It shows the reasonable antiproliferative effect on leukemia cells.

  • CAS Number: 1853988-48-3
  • MF: C20H17BrN2O4S
  • MW: 461.33
  • Catalog: Epigenetic Reader Domain
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bromodomain IN-1

Bromodomain IN-1 is a Bromodomain inhibitor extracted from patent WO2016069578A1, compound 4 [1].

  • CAS Number: 1914120-48-1
  • MF: C22H23ClN4O3S
  • MW: 458.96
  • Catalog: Epigenetic Reader Domain
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lepzacitinib

Lepzacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor targeting to JAK 1/3. Lepzacitinib exhibits anti-inflammatory effect and inhibits atopic dermatitis and other skin diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 2321488-47-3
  • MF: C18H21N5O3
  • MW: 355.39
  • Catalog: JAK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Protein Kinase C (19-31)

Protein Kinase C (19-31), a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), derived from the pseudo-substrate regulatory domain of PKCa (residues 19-31) with a serine at position 25 replacing the wild-type alanine, is used as protein kinase C substrate peptide for testing the protein kinase C activity. Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 121545-65-1
  • MF: C67H118N26O16
  • MW: 1543.82
  • Catalog: PKC
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HDAC-IN-44

HDAC-IN-44 is a HDAC inhibitor with the IC50 value of 61.2 nM. HDAC-IN-44 shows high anticancer activity towards multiple cancer cell lines[1].

  • CAS Number: 2414921-46-1
  • MF: C26H27BrN4O4
  • MW: 539.42
  • Catalog: HDAC
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PRMT5-IN-3

PRMT5-IN-3 is a PRMT5 inhibitor that exhibits synthetic lethality to tumor cells but produce few side effects combined with DNA damaging agents.

  • CAS Number: 2159123-14-3
  • MF: C22H23F3N4O3
  • MW: 448.44
  • Catalog: Histone Methyltransferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SF2523

SF2523 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of PI3K with IC50s of 34 nM, 158 nM, 9 nM, 241 nM and 280 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, DNA-PK, BRD4 and mTOR, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 1174428-47-7
  • MF: C19H17NO5S
  • MW: 371.414
  • Catalog: DNA-PK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

AMPK-IN-3

AMPK-IN-3 (compound 67) is a potent and selective AMPK inhibitor with IC50s of 60.7, 107 and 3820 nM for AMPK (α2), AMPK (α1) and KDR, respectively. AMPK-IN-3 inhibits AMPK does not affect cell viability or cause significant cytotoxicity in K562 cells. AMPK-IN-3 can be used in study of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2417674-27-0
  • MF: C25H33N5O3
  • MW: 451.56
  • Catalog: AMPK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tyk2-IN-8

Tyk2-IN-8 (compound 10) is a selective TYK2 inhibitor, which binds to TYK2 catalytically active JH1 domain with an IC50 of 17 nM, used in the treatment of psoriasis[1].

  • Density: 1.46±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BB-Cl-Amidine

BB-Cl-Amidine is a peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor.

  • CAS Number: 1802637-39-3
  • MF: C26H26ClN5O
  • MW: 459.970
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PROTAC EED degrader-1

PROTAC EED degrader-1 is a PROTAC targeting EED with a pKD of 9.02. PROTAC EED degrader-1 is a polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) inhibitor (pIC50=8.17) targeting the EED subunit[1].

  • CAS Number: 2639882-72-5
  • MF: C55H60FN11O8S
  • MW: 1054.20
  • Catalog: Histone Methyltransferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BVT 948

BVT948 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor which can also inhibit several cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms and lysine methyltransferase SETD8.

  • CAS Number: 39674-97-0
  • MF: C14H11NO3
  • MW: 241.24200
  • Catalog: Histone Methyltransferase
  • Density: 1.39g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 400.8ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 196.2ºC

Euphorbiasteroid

Euphorbiasteroid is a tricyclic diperpene of Euphorbia lathyris L., inhibits tyrosinase, and increases the phosphorylation of AMPK, with anti-cancer, anti-virus, anti-obesity and multidrug resistance-modulating effect[1].

  • CAS Number: 28649-59-4
  • MF: C32H40O8
  • MW: 552.655
  • Catalog: AMPK
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 633.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 263.9±31.5 °C

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a commonly used PKC activator.

  • CAS Number: 16561-29-8
  • MF: C36H56O8
  • MW: 616.825
  • Catalog: PKC
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 698.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 208.1±25.0 °C

WAY-354574

WAY-354574 is an active molecule targeting deacetylase (Sirtuin) for the study of Huntington's disease (HD)[1].

  • CAS Number: 851873-40-0
  • MF: C20H23ClN2O3S
  • MW: 406.92622
  • Catalog: Sirtuin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lin28-let-7a antagonist 1

Lin28-let-7a antagonist 1 shows a clear antagonistic effect against the Lin28-let-7a interaction with an IC50 of 4.03 μM for Lin28A-let-7a-1 interaction.

  • CAS Number: 2024548-03-4
  • MF: C31H29N5O7
  • MW: 583.59
  • Catalog: MicroRNA
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

3-TYP

3-TYP is a selective SIRT3 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 16 nM, more potent over SIRT1 (IC50=88 nM), SIRT2 (IC50=92 nM).

  • CAS Number: 120241-79-4
  • MF: C7H6N4
  • MW: 146.14900
  • Catalog: Sirtuin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DHAQ DIACETATE

Mitoxantrone diacetate is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor. Mitoxantrone diacetate also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM. Mitoxantrone diacetate induces apoptosis of B-CLL (B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) cells. Mitoxantrone diacetate shows antitumor activity[1][2][3][4]. Mitoxantrone diacetate also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity with EC50s of 0.25 μM and and 0.8 μM for cowpox and monkeypox, respectively[5].

  • CAS Number: 70711-41-0
  • MF: C24H32N4O8
  • MW: 504.53300
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.45g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 805.7ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 203-5ºC
  • Flash Point: 441.1ºC

PRMT5-IN-20

PRMT5-IN-20 is a selective protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitor with anti-tumor activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 880813-30-9
  • MF: C21H21N3
  • MW: 315.41
  • Catalog: Histone Methyltransferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Valrubicin

Valrubicin is a chemotherapy agent, inhibits TPA- and PDBu-induced PKC activation with IC50s of 0.85 and 1.25 μM, respectively, and has antitumor and antiinflammatory activity.

  • CAS Number: 56124-62-0
  • MF: C34H36F3NO13
  • MW: 723.644
  • Catalog: PKC
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 867.7±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 116-117ºC
  • Flash Point: 478.6±34.3 °C

Fosifidancitinib

Fosifidancitinib is a potent and selective inhibitor of JAK kinases 1/3. Fociatinib is used in studies of allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 1237168-58-9
  • MF: C21H21FN5O7P
  • MW: 505.39
  • Catalog: JAK
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 723.1±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 391.1±35.7 °C

BRD4 Inhibitor-18

BRD4 Inhibitor-18 is a highly potent BRD4 inhibitor with IC50 value of 110 nM. BRD4 Inhibitor-18 has a hydrophobic acetylcyclopentanyl side chain. BRD4 Inhibitor-18 can significantly suppress the proliferation of MV-4-11 cells with high BRD4 level. BRD4 Inhibitor-18 has apoptosis-promoting and G0/G1 cycle-arresting activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2451219-73-9
  • MF: C26H26ClN3O3S
  • MW: 496.02
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PRMT5-IN-9

PRMT5-IN-9 is a novel PRMT5 inhibitor for treating cancer, with an IC50 of 0.01 μM.

  • CAS Number: 2691869-52-8
  • MF: C25H23F3N6O
  • MW: 480.48
  • Catalog: Histone Methyltransferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

JAK3-IN-9

JAK3-IN-9 is an orally active JAK3 inhibitor with IC50 value of 1.7 nM. JAK3-IN-9 is highly selective to the JAK3 signal path. JAK3-IN-9 is lowly toxic with high oral bioavailability, shows good anti-arthritis activity. JAK3-IN-9 can be used in autoimmune disease research[1].

  • CAS Number: 1430095-30-9
  • MF: C17H23N5O4S
  • MW: 393.46
  • Catalog: JAK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HDAC6 degrader-3

HDAC6 degrader-3 is a potent and selective HDAC6 degrader via ternary complex formation and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway with a DC50 value of 19.4 nM. HDAC6 degrader-3 has IC50s of 4.54 nM and 0.647 μM for HDAC6 and HDAC1, respectively. HDAC6 degrader-3 causes strong hyperacetylation of α-tubulin[1].

  • CAS Number: 2785404-83-1
  • MF: C41H41F4N7O11
  • MW: 883.80
  • Catalog: HDAC
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ζ-Stat trisodium

ζ-Stat trisodium (NSC37044 trisodium) is a specific and atypical PKC-ζ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM. ζ-Stat trisodium can reduce melanoma cell lines proliferation and induce apoptosis, and has antitumor activity in vitro[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 31894-34-5
  • MF: C10H5Na3O10S3
  • MW: 450.31
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PFI-3

PFI-3 is a selective, potent and cell-permeable SMARCA2/4 bromodomain inhibitor with a Kd of 89 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1819363-80-8
  • MF: C19H19N3O2
  • MW: 321.373
  • Catalog: Epigenetic Reader Domain
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 528.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 273.4±30.1 °C

ZEN-3411

ZEN-3411 is a BET inhibitor with IC50s of 0.05, 0.05 and 0.06 μM for BRD4(BD1), BRD4(BD2) and BRD4(BD1BD2), respectively. ZEN-3411 can be used to form PROTACs to induce degradation of BRD4[1].

  • CAS Number: 1952264-36-6
  • MF: C21H20N4O2
  • MW: 360.41
  • Catalog: Epigenetic Reader Domain
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Remodelin hydrobromide

Remodelin HBr salt is a novel potent and selective inhibitor of the acetyl-transferase protein NAT10.IC50 value:Target: NAT10 inhibitorRemodelin can improve nuclear architecture, chromatin organization, and fitness of both human lamin A/C-depleted cells and HGPS-derived patient cells, and decrease markers of DNA damage in these cells. Using a combination of chemical, cellular, and genetic approaches, acetyl-transferase protein NAT10 was identified as the target of Remodelin that mediated nuclear shape rescue in laminopathic cells via microtubule reorganization. Down-regulation and mutations of the nuclear-architecture proteins lamin A and C cause misshapen nuclei and altered chromatin organization associated with cancer and laminopathies, including the premature-aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Remodelin is a useful chemical tool to study how NAT10 affects nuclear architecture and suggest alternative strategies for treating laminopathies and aging.

  • CAS Number: 1622921-15-6
  • MF: C15H15BrN4S
  • MW: 363.275
  • Catalog: Histone Acetyltransferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sirt1/2-IN-3

Sirt1/2-IN-3 (compound PS9) is a dual inhibitor of SIRT1/2 with IC50s of 1.4 μM (SIRT1) and 2.0 μM (SIRT2), respsectivley. Sirt1/2-IN-3 completely blocks p53 deacetylation, and increase of p53 and α-tubulin acetylation. Sirt1/2-IN-3 induces apoptosis and shows anti-proliferation activity against human leukemia cell lines[1].

  • CAS Number: 301313-42-8
  • MF: C17H14ClNO4S
  • MW: 363.82
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A