Protein Kinase C (19-31), a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), derived from the pseudo-substrate regulatory domain of PKCa (residues 19-31) with a serine at position 25 replacing the wild-type alanine, is used as protein kinase C substrate peptide for testing the protein kinase C activity. Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins[1][2].
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a commonly used PKC activator.
Mitoxantrone diacetate is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor. Mitoxantrone diacetate also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM. Mitoxantrone diacetate induces apoptosis of B-CLL (B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) cells. Mitoxantrone diacetate shows antitumor activity[1][2][3][4]. Mitoxantrone diacetate also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity with EC50s of 0.25 μM and and 0.8 μM for cowpox and monkeypox, respectively[5].
Valrubicin is a chemotherapy agent, inhibits TPA- and PDBu-induced PKC activation with IC50s of 0.85 and 1.25 μM, respectively, and has antitumor and antiinflammatory activity.
Sotrastaurin is a potent pan-PKC inhibitor, with Kis of 0.22 nM, 0.64nM, 0.95 nM, 1.8 nM, 2.1 nM and 3.2 nM for PKCθ, PKCβ, PKCα, PKCη, PKCδ and PKCε, respectively.
VTX-27 is a selective protein kinase C θ (PKC θ) inhibitor, with Kis of 0.08 nM and 16 nM for PKC θ and PKC δ.
ZIP is a selective peptide inhibitor of PKMζ. ZIP injections can block the impairment in morphine conditioned place preference induced[1].
PS-432 is an allosteric inhibitor of PKCι and PKCζ with IC50 of 16.9 and 18.5 uM, respectively; has no inhibitory activity against PKCα, PKCβ, PKCδ and PKCθ nor the activity of related kinases such as PDK1, PKB/Akt, RSK1, MSK1 and Aurora A; inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer cell lines A549 (IC50=14.8 ± 4.2 uM) and A427 (IC50=10.4± 0.3 uM) as well as androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145 (IC50 = 20.8 ± 9.0 uM); well tolerated in vivo.
6-Deoxyisojacareubin is a PKC inhibitor that inhibits the proliferation of QGY-7703 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 6-Deoxyisojacareubin is also a natural product that can be obtained from Garcinia nervosa. 6-Deoxyisojacareubin can be used in cancer research[1].
Cercosporin is produced by a plant pathogen, Cercosporakikuchii, and the elsinochromes, pigments of the elsinoe family of fungi. Cercosporin is a potent photosensitizer with a short activation wavelength, mostly suitable for superficial photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatments, especially when it is necessary to avoid perforations[1].Cercosporin contains the perylenequinone structural features necessary to PKC activity with an IC50 of 0.6-1.3 μM[2].
LXS196 is a potent and orally active protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor under Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of uveal melanoma.
Isojacareubin can be isolated from Hypericum japonicum. Isojacareubin covalently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Isojacareubin also has anti-helicobacter activity. Isojacareubin inhibits PKC, and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and induces apoptosis[1][2][3].
[Ala113]MBP(104-118) is an noncompetitive peptide inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), with IC50s ranging from 28-62 μM[1].
Hu7691 free base is an orally active, selective Akt inhibitor with IC50s of 4.0 nM, 97.5 nM, 28 nM for Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, respectively. Hu7691 free base inhibits tumor growth and enables decrease of cutaneous toxicity in mice[1].
R59949 is a pan diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor with an IC50 of 300 nM. R59949 strongly inhibits the activity of type I DGK α and γ and moderately attenuates the activity of type II DGK θ and κ. R59949 activates protein kinase C (PKC) by enhancing the levels of the endogenous ligand diacyl glycerol[1][2][3].
[Ala107]MBP(104-118) is an noncompetitive peptide inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), with IC50s ranging from 46-145 μM[1].
K-252b, an indolocarbazole isolated from the actinomycete Nocardiopsis, is a PKC inhibitor. K-252b can be used to inhibit extracellular kinases of cells in culture because it can’t pass through cell membrane freely [1][2][3].
Mitoxantrone-d8 (mitozantrone-d8) is the deuterium labeled Mitoxantrone. Mitoxantrone is a topoisomerase II inhibitor and also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM[1][2].
R 59-022 (DKGI-I) hydrochloride is a DGK inhibitor (IC50: 2.8 µM). R 59-022 hydrochloride inhibits the phosphorylation of OAG to OAPA. R 59-022 hydrochloride is a 5-HT Receptor antagonist, and activates protein kinase C (PKC). R 59-022 hydrochloride potentiates thrombin-induced diacylglycerol production in platelets and inhibits phosphatidic acid production in neutrophils[1][2][3][4].
PKC-theta inhibitor is a selective PKC-θinhibitor, with an IC50 of 12 nM.
3′-O-Demethyl-4′-N-demethyl-4′-N-acetyl-4′-epi-staurosporine (Compound 7) is an inhibitor of protein kinases, with IC50s of 0.092, 0.26, 0.77 μM for PKC-α, ROCK, ASK1. 3′-O-Demethyl-4′-N-demethyl-4′-N-acetyl-4′-epi-staurosporine shows potent cytotoxicity against PC-3 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 0.16 μM[1].
pTH-Related Protein (1-40) (human, mouse, rat) stimulates calcium uptake in rat intestinal cells through PTHR1 receptor and PKCα/β signaling pathways. pTH-Related Protein (1-40) up-regulates parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTHR1) protein, four transcellular calcium transporters, potential vanillin member 6 (TRPV6), calcium-binding protein-D9K (CaBP-D9k), sodium-calcium Exchanger 1 (NCX1) and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 (PMCA1)[1].
Mitoxantrone is a topoisomerase II inhibitor; also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM.
PF-4950834 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive rho kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 8.35 nM and 33.12 nM against ROCK2 and ROCK1, respectively. PF-4950834 inhibits neutrophil migration[1].
TX-1123 is a potent protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor for Src, eEF2-K, and PKA, and EGFR-K/PKC. TX-1123 is a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.16 μM and 15.7 μM for COX2 and COX1, respectively. TX-1123 has low mitochondrial toxicity. TX-1123 can be used in research of cancer[1][2].
Aurothiomalate sodium is a potent and selective oncogenic PKCι signaling inhibitor. Aurothiomalate sodium inhibits tumor cell proliferation and not cell apoptosis. Aurothiomalate sodium is a potent thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor. Aurothiomalate sodium, an anti-rheumatoid agent, exhibits potent anti-tumor activity[1][2][3].
PF-04577806 is a potent, selective and ATP competitive PKC inhibitor. PF-04577806 shows potent inhibitory activity towards PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCγ, and PKCθ with IC50s of 2.4 nM, 8.1 nM, 6.9 nM, 45.9 nM, and 29.5 nM, respectively. PF-04577806 can reverse retinal vascular leakage in diabetic rats[1].
Decursinol angelate, a cytotoxic and protein kinase C (PKC) activating agent from the root of Angelica gigas, possesses anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
Psychosine (Galactosylsphingosine), a substrate of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, is a potential biomarker for Krabbe disease[1]. Psychosine is a highly cytotoxic lipid, capable of inducing cell death in a wide variety of cell types including, most relevantly to globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), oligodendrocytes. Psychosine causes cell death at least in part via apoptosis. Psychosine also is an inhibitor of PKC[1].
N-Desmethyltamoxifen is the major metabolite of tamoxifen in humans. N-Desmethyltamoxifen, a poor antiestrogen, is a ten-fold more potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor than Tamoxifen. N-Desmethyltamoxifen is also a potent regulator of ceramide metabolism in human AML cells, limiting ceramide glycosylation, hydrolysis, and sphingosine phosphorylation[1][2][3].