Metabolic pathways are enzyme-mediated biochemical reactions that lead to biosynthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of natural product small molecules within a cell or tissue. In each pathway, enzymes catalyze the conversion of substrates into structurally similar products. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Metabolism maintains the living state of the cells and the organism.

Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes. Proteases control a great variety of physiological processes that are critical for life, including the immune response, cell cycle, cell death, wound healing, food digestion, and protein and organelle recycling. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. Proteases can not only activate proteins such as cytokines, or inactivate them such as numerous repair proteins during apoptosis, but also expose cryptic sites, such as occurs with β-secretase during amyloid precursor protein processing, shed various transmembrane proteins such as occurs with metalloproteases and cysteine proteases, or convert receptor agonists into antagonists and vice versa such as chemokine conversions carried out by metalloproteases, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and some cathepsins. In addition to the catalytic domains, a great number of proteases contain numerous additional domains or modules that substantially increase the complexity of their functions.

Imbalances in metabolic activities have been found to be critical in a number of pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

References:
[1] Turk B, et al. EMBO J. 2012 Apr 4;31(7):1630-43.
[2] Eatemadi A, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Feb;86:221-231.


Anti-infection >
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Apoptosis >
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15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
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Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
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Auraptene

Auraptene is the most abundant naturally occurring geranyloxycoumarin. Auraptene is primarily isolated from plants in the Rutaceae family, such as citrus fruits. Auraptene decreases the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) as well as key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5(CCL5)[1].

  • CAS Number: 495-02-3
  • MF: C19H22O3
  • MW: 298.376
  • Catalog: MMP
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 455.5±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 66 °C
  • Flash Point: 195.4±23.3 °C

Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2

Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 is a melanotropin, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 stimulates tyrosinase and exhibits thermoregulatory effect in rats model[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 82188-67-8
  • MF: C47H64N14O10
  • MW: 985.10
  • Catalog: Tyrosinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Betrixaban maleate

Betrixaban (PRT054021) maleate is a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa (fXa) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.5 nM. Betrixaban maleate shows antithrombotic effect[1][3].

  • CAS Number: 936539-80-9
  • MF: C27H26ClN5O7
  • MW: 567.97800
  • Catalog: Factor Xa
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Navoximod

Navoximod is a potent IDO (indoleamine-(2,3)-dioxygenase) pathway inhibitor with Ki/EC50 of 7 nM/75 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1402837-78-8
  • MF: C18H21FN2O2
  • MW: 316.370
  • Catalog: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 555.4±35.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 289.7±25.9 °C

JTT 551

JTT 551 is selective a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor, with Kis of 0.22 μM and 9.3 μM for PTP1B and TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase), respectively; JTT 551 can be used in the research of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • CAS Number: 776309-04-7
  • MF: C34H43N3O3S2
  • MW: 605.85
  • Catalog: Phosphatase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cbl-b-IN-10

Cbl-b-IN-10 (Compound 463) is a casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) and c-Cbl inhibitor with IC50s of 6.0 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 2815225-12-6
  • MF: C31H37F3N6O
  • MW: 566.66
  • Catalog: E1/E2/E3 Enzyme
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

FTI-276 trifluoroacetate salt

FTI-276 is a protein farnesyl transferase (PFT) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.9 and 0.5 nM for Plasmodium falciparum and human.

  • CAS Number: 170006-72-1
  • MF: C21H27N3O3S2
  • MW: 433.59
  • Catalog: Farnesyl Transferase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Leupeptin

Leupeptin is a broad-spectrum, membrane-permeable protease inhibitor. Leupeptin potently inhibits serine, cysteine and threonine proteases. Leupeptin inhibits Mpro (the main protease of SARS-CoV-2) and also has anti-inflammatory activity[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 55123-66-5
  • MF: C40H78N12O12S
  • MW: 951.18600
  • Catalog: Cathepsin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

LP-533401

LP-533401 is a Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 inhibitor that regulates serotonin production in the gut.

  • CAS Number: 945976-43-2
  • MF: C27H22F4N4O3
  • MW: 526.482
  • Catalog: Tryptophan Hydroxylase
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 699.0±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 376.5±34.3 °C

Fenofibrate-d6

Fenofibrate-d6 is the deuterium labeled Fenofibrate. Fenofibrate is a selective PPARα agonist with an EC50 of 30 μM. Fenofibrate also inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoforms, with IC50s of 0.2, 0.7, 9.7, 4.8 and 142.1 μM for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 1092484-56-4
  • MF: C20H15ClD6O4
  • MW: 366.868
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 469.8±35.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 165.4±24.9 °C

RID-F

RID-F is an inhibitor of the nonpeptidic proteasome.

  • CAS Number: 1020853-03-5
  • MF: C38H50N2O2
  • MW: 566.82
  • Catalog: Proteasome
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Plasma kallikrein-IN-4

Plasma kallikrein-IN-4 (Example 153) is a plasma kallikrein inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.016 μM against human plasma kallikrein[1].

  • CAS Number: 1357954-34-7
  • MF: C22H23N7O
  • MW: 401.46
  • Catalog: Ser/Thr Protease
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Vadadustat

Vadadustat is a novel, titratable, oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitor in development for the treatment of anemia.

  • CAS Number: 1000025-07-9
  • MF: C14H11ClN2O4
  • MW: 306.70100
  • Catalog: HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Oxybenzone-d5

Oxybenzone-d5 is the deuterium labeled Oxybenzone[1]. Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells[2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 1219798-54-5
  • MF: C14H8D6O3
  • MW: 236.296130668
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ML 349

ML349 is a potent and specific acyl protein thioesterase 2 (APT-2) inhibitor with a Ki of 120 nM. ML349 is also an inhibitor of LYPLA2 with an IC50 of 144 nM.

  • CAS Number: 890819-86-0
  • MF: C23H22N2O4S2
  • MW: 454.56
  • Catalog: Phospholipase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TC-F 2

TC-F2 is a reversible non-covalent binding inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with an IC50 of 28 nM. FAAH is involved in many human diseases, particularly cancer, pain and inflammation as well as neurological, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders[1].

  • CAS Number: 1304778-15-1
  • MF: C26H25N5O2
  • MW: 439.50900
  • Catalog: FAAH
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Win 58237

Win 58237 is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, with Ki of 170 nM for PDE V, possessing vasorelaxant activity.

  • CAS Number: 158001-76-4
  • MF: C16H17N5O
  • MW: 295.34
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

hCAIX-IN-7

hCAIX-IN-7 (compound 6c) is a potent and selective hCAIX inhibitor with KIs of >10000, >10000, 43.0, 410.6 nM for hCAI, hCAII, hCAIV, hCAIX, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 2451479-58-4
  • MF: C18H12FNO3
  • MW: 309.29
  • Catalog: Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

mersalyl

Mersalyl (Salirgan) is a potent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inducer. Mersalyl induces VEGF and ENO1 mRNA expression. Mersalyl shows diuresis effects[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 492-18-2
  • MF: C13H16HgNNaO6
  • MW: 505.84900
  • Catalog: HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tropifexor

Tropifexor is a novel and highly potent agonist of FXR with an EC50 of 0.2 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1383816-29-2
  • MF: C29H25F4N3O5S
  • MW: 603.594
  • Catalog: FXR
  • Density: 1.55±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 221 °C
  • Flash Point: N/A

CYP1B1-IN-1

CYP1B1-IN-1 (Compound 9e) is a selective cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.49 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 842122-33-2
  • MF: C19H11ClO2
  • MW: 306.74
  • Catalog: Cytochrome P450
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

IDH2R140Q-IN-2

IDH2R140Q-IN-2 (compound 36) is an an orally active IDH2R140Q inhibitor (IC50: 29 nM). IDH2R140Q-IN-2 reduces D2HG production in TF-1 cell lines expressing mutant IDH2R140Q (IC50: 10 nM). IDH2R140Q-IN-2 suppresses D2HG levels in tumor tissue. IDH2R140Q-IN-2 can be used for research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2749568-16-7
  • MF: C21H18F6N6O
  • MW: 484.40
  • Catalog: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Edaravone D5

Edaravone D5 is a deuterium labeled Edaravone. Edaravone is a strong novel free radical scavenger, and inhibits MMP-9-related brain hemorrhage in rats treated with tissue plasminogen activator[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 1228765-67-0
  • MF: C10H5D5N2O
  • MW: 179.23000
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

LAS-31180

LAS-31180 is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3, with positive inotropic and vasodilator properties.

  • CAS Number: 137338-43-3
  • MF: C11H12N2O3S
  • MW: 252.29000
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Drotaverine hydrochloride

Drotaverine (hydrochloride) is a type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor and an L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) blocker, blocks the degradation of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Drotaverine (hydrochloride) exhibits in vivo antispasmodic efficacy without anticholinergic effects.

  • CAS Number: 985-12-6
  • MF: C24H32ClNO4
  • MW: 433.968
  • Catalog: Calcium Channel
  • Density: 1.097 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 564ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 208-212ºC
  • Flash Point: 240.7ºC

AGI-6780

AGI-6780 that potently and selectively inhibits the tumor-associated mutant IDH2R140Q with IC50 of 23±1.7 nM. AGI-6780 is less potent against IDH2WT with IC50 of 190±8.1 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1432660-47-3
  • MF: C21H18F3N3O3S2
  • MW: 481.511
  • Catalog: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Thrombin inhibitor 6

Thrombin inhibitor 6 is a potent thrombin inhibitor (IC50: 1 nM). Thrombin inhibitor 6 has the function as an anticoagulant[1].

  • CAS Number: 1628224-94-1
  • MF: C18H19ClN4O2S
  • MW: 390.89
  • Catalog: Thrombin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Phostriecin

Phostriecin is an antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pulveraceus. Phostriecin is a strong inhibitor of type 2A (PP2A) and a weak inhibitor of type 1 (PP1) serine/threonine protein phosphatases with IC50s of 3.2 nM and 131 μM, respectively. Phostriecin has the potential for the research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 131774-59-9
  • MF: C23H33NaO8S
  • MW: 492.55800
  • Catalog: Phosphatase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-AMC

Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-AMC is a peptide substrate of elastase or elastase-like[1].

  • CAS Number: 73617-90-0
  • MF: C23H28N4O8
  • MW: 488.49000
  • Catalog: Elastase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TRC160334

TRC160334 is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylase inhibitor. TRC160334 can be used for the research of ischemia/reperfusion injury[1].

  • CAS Number: 1293289-69-6
  • MF: C14H15N3O5S
  • MW: 337.35
  • Catalog: HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A