Luspatercept (ACE-536) is a recombinant modified ActRIIB fusion protein that binds with transforming growth factor β superfamily ligands. Luspatercept increases the erythrocyte numbers and promotes maturation of erythroid precursors. Luspatercept binds with GDF11 and inhibits Smad2/3 signaling. Luspatercept can be used for the research of anemia[1].
H-Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu-OH (LSYL) is a latency-associated peptide at the amino terminus of LAP, with inhibitory effect on TGF-β1 activation. H-Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu-OH, binding with KRFK (HY-P3970), can block the signal transduction of TGF-β1, and prevent the progression of hepatic damage and fibrosis[1].
Halofuginone (RU-19110) is a less-toxic form of Febrifugine, which is isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga[1]. Halofuginone inhibits prolyl-tRNA synthetase in an ATP-dependent manner with a Ki of 18.3 nM[2]. Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity[3].
MY-673 is a colchicine binding site inhibitor (CBSI), that inhibits tubulin polymerization. MY-673 inhibits the ERK signaling pathway, which in turn affects SMAD4 protein expression levels in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. MY-673 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro[1].
ALK5-IN-28 (compound Ex-05) is a selective ALK-5 inhibitor (IC50≤10 nM), inhibits TGF-β-induced SMAD signaling. ALK5-IN-28 has the potential to inhibit growth of tumour in vivo. ALK5-IN-28 can be used in study of proliferative diseases such as cancer, fibrotic diseases, and systemic sclerosis[1].
Livmoniplimab (ABBV-151; ARGX-115) is a potent humanized anti-LRRC32 (GARP)/TGFβ1 monoclonal antibody. Livmoniplimab blocks LRRC32-mediated activation of latent TGFβ1. Livmoniplimab has the potential for the research of cancer[1].
(S,R,S)-AHPC-C2-amide-benzofuranylmethyl-pyridine is a dual target PROTAC that can not only target to the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad3 but also improve the HIF-α protein level. (S,R,S)-AHPC-C2-amide-benzofuranylmethyl-pyridine has a multi-path anti-fibrosis function and a renal protection function for research of renal anemia[1].
TGFβ-IN-2 (Compound 9d) inhibits TGF-β-induced total collagen accumulation in NRK-49F cells with the IC50 of 4.31 μM. TGFβ-IN-2 suppresses the TGF-β-induced protein expression of COL1A1, α-SMA, and p-Smad3 in vitro. TGFβ-IN-2 can be used as a potential effective compound for anti-fibrosis in vivo by oral administration[1].
Mongersen is a 21-mer phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeting the mRNA of the Smad7 protein, thus leading to suppression of TGF-β1 pathways and remission of Crohn's disease.
Carotuximab (TRC105) is a IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks endoglin (CD105) and its downstream Smad signaling pathway. Carotuximab has immunomodulatory and antineoplastic actions[1][2].
Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway[1][2][3].
ALK5-IN-32 (compound EX-09) is a selective ALK-5 inhibitor (10 nM