Infection is a pathophysiological process that involves the invasion and colonization of a living organism (host) by disease-causing infectious agents, the reaction of host tissues to these agents and the toxins they produce, and the transmission of infectious agents to other hosts. Common infectious agents include viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammals often engage both innate and adaptive immune systems to eliminate infectious agents or inhibit their growth and transmission. When infection occurs, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic agents.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

BTZ043

BTZ043 is an inhibitor of decaprenyl-phosphoribose-epimerase (DprE1), with MICs of of 2.3 nM and 9.2 nM for M. tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 1161233-85-7
  • MF: C17H16F3N3O5S
  • MW: 431.386
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 547.6±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 285.0±32.9 °C

Fumitremorgin B

Fumitremorgin B is a tremorgenic mycotoxin. Fumitremorgin B exhibits significant antifungal activities, with MICs of 6.25-50 μg/mL[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 12626-17-4
  • MF: C27H33N3O5
  • MW: 479.56800
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ensitrelvir fumarate

Ensitrelvir (S-217622) fumarate is the first orally active non-covalent, non-peptidic, SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor (IC50=13 nM)[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2757470-18-9
  • MF: C26H21ClF3N9O6
  • MW: 647.95
  • Catalog: SARS-CoV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nitroxynil

Nitroxynil, anthelmintic agent, is active against parasites in both adult and immature stages. Nitroxynil is widely used for the research of infection of Fasciola hepatica[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 1689-89-0
  • MF: C7H3IN2O3
  • MW: 290.015
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 2.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 280.1±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 136 - 139ºC
  • Flash Point: 123.2±27.3 °C

Gemifioxacin mesylate

Gemifloxacin mesylate is an oral broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent, used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and mild-to-moderate pneumonia.

  • CAS Number: 210353-53-0
  • MF: C19H24FN5O7S
  • MW: 485.487
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 638.9ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 235-237ºC
  • Flash Point: 340.2ºC

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory inhibitor targeting COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50 of 13 μM and 370 μM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 15687-27-1
  • MF: C13H18O2
  • MW: 206.281
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 319.6±11.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 77-78 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 216.7±14.4 °C

Raltegravir (MK-0518)

Raltegravir is a potent integrase (IN) inhibitor, used to treat HIV infection.

  • CAS Number: 518048-05-0
  • MF: C20H21FN6O5
  • MW: 444.416
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lenvervimab

Lenvervimab (GC1102) is a IgG1-type recombinant human hepatitis B Immunoglobulin. Lenvervimab can be used for research of hepatitis B virus infection[1][2].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lapachol

Lapachol is a naphthoquinone that was first isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae (Bignoniaceae). Lapachol shows anti-infection and antitumor activity[1]

  • CAS Number: 84-79-7
  • MF: C15H14O3
  • MW: 242.270
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 390.1±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 141-143ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 203.9±24.4 °C

Luliconazole

Luliconazole(NND 502) is an azole antifungal indicated for the topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis.IC50 Value: Target: AntifungalLuliconazole is an antifungal that belongs to the azole class. Although the exact mechanism of action against dermatophytes is unknown, luliconazole appears to inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol demethylase. Inhibition of this enzyme’s activity by azoles results in decreased amounts of ergosterol, a constituent of fungal cell membranes, and a corresponding accumulation of lanosterol. In a fertility study in rats, subcutaneous doses of 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg/day luliconazole were administered prior to and during mating and through early pregnancy. Treatment related effects on reproductive function were noted in females (decreased live embryos and decreased corpus luteum) at 5 and 25 mg/kg/day and males (decreased sperm counts) at 25 mg/kg/day. No treatment related effects on fertility or reproductive function were noted at 1 mg/kg/day (0.1X MRHD based on BSA comparisons).

  • CAS Number: 187164-19-8
  • MF: C14H9Cl2N3S2
  • MW: 354.277
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 499.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 255.6±31.5 °C

Quinine

Quinine is an anti-malaria agent and also a potassium channel inhibitor with an IC50 of 169 μM.

  • CAS Number: 130-95-0
  • MF: C20H24N2O2
  • MW: 324.417
  • Catalog: Parasite
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 495.9±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 176-177ºC
  • Flash Point: 253.7±27.3 °C

Lipoxamycin hemisulfate

Lipoxamycin hemisulfate is an antifungal antibiotic and a potent serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor with an IC50 of 21 nM[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 11075-87-9
  • MF: C19H36N2O5.1/2H2O4S
  • MW: 421.54
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Gardiquimod

Gardiquimod, an imidazoquinoline analog, is a TLR7/8 agonist. Gardiquimod could inhibit HIV-1 infection of macrophages and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Gardiquimod specifically activates TLR7 when used at concentrations below 10 μM[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1020412-43-4
  • MF: C17H23N5O
  • MW: 313.39700
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5'-DMT-2'-F-Ac-dC

5'-O-DMT-N4-Ac-2'-F-dC is a modified nucleoside and can be used to synthesize DNA or RNA.

  • CAS Number: 159414-98-9
  • MF: C32H32FN3O7
  • MW: 589.61100
  • Catalog: DNA/RNA Synthesis
  • Density: 1.31±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Corydalmine hydrochloride

Corydalmine hydrochloride inhibits spore germination of some plant pathogenic as well as saprophytic fungi[1]. Corydalmine hydrochloride acts as an oral analgesic agent, exhibiting potent analgesic activity[2]. Corydalmine hydrochloride alleviates Vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in mice by inhibiting an NF-κB-dependent CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway[3].

  • CAS Number: 2428393-60-4
  • MF: C20H24ClNO4
  • MW: 377.86
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cilgavimab

Cilgavimab (AZD-1061; COV2-2130) is a humanized SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, can compose monoclonal-antibody combination AZD7442 with Tixagevimab (HY-P99556). Cilgavimab shows protective action on mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BRITE-338733

BRITE-338733 is a RecA ATPase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 4.7 µM[1].

  • CAS Number: 503105-88-2
  • MF: C27H35N3O2
  • MW: 433.586
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 557.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 290.8±30.1 °C

2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium

2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium has bactericidal effect and is against a standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) with MIC90 of 7.20 μM. 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium and its complex with iron, gallium, and bismuth have good anti-M. tuberculosis activity. 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium has potential for the treatment of tuberculosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 3811-73-2
  • MF: C5H4NNaOS
  • MW: 149.146
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.22
  • Boiling Point: 109 °C
  • Melting Point: -25 °C
  • Flash Point: 107.3ºC

1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitroimidazole

Dimetridazole is a nitroimidazole class drug that combats protozoan infections.Target: AntiparasiticDimetridazole (DMZ) is a 5-nitroimidazole drug traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of histomoniasis in turkeys, trichomoniasis in pigeons, genital trichomoniasis in cattle and the prevention and treatment of haemorrhagic enteritis in pigs.

  • CAS Number: 551-92-8
  • MF: C5H7N3O2
  • MW: 141.128
  • Catalog: Parasite
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 313.7±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 177-182°C
  • Flash Point: 143.5±20.4 °C

LolCDE-IN-1

LolCDE-IN-1 is an inhibitor of the Lol proteins (LolCDE) complex, with antibacterial activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 1639933-78-0
  • MF: C21H16FN3O
  • MW: 345.37
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Anti-infective agent 6

Anti-infective agent 6 (compound 28) is a potent anti-infectious agent. Anti-infective agent 6 shows a good activity against P. falciparum F32-ART (IC50=1.4 μM) with a good selectivity index (SI>36). Anti-infective agent 6 also shows a potency against L. donovani (IC50=3.5 μM)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2839192-35-5
  • MF: C15H15NO3
  • MW: 257.28
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Calpain inhibitor V

Calpain inhibitor V (Mu-Val-HPh-FMK) is a cell-permeable and irreversible inhibitor of calpain that has anti-chlamydial activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 912476-54-1
  • MF: C21H30FN3O4
  • MW: 407.48
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Anhydrotetracycline Hydrochloride

Anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride, a tetracycline biosynthetic precursor, is a potent competitive broad-spectrum tetracycline destructase enzymes inhibitor. Anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride is an effector for tetracycline controlled gene expression systems in eukaryotic cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 13803-65-1
  • MF: C22H23ClN2O7
  • MW: 462.880
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 618.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 222.8ºC
  • Flash Point: 327.9ºC

TH 1217

TH1217 (ZINC1775962367) is a potent and selective dCTPase pyrophosphatase 1 (dCTPase) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 47 nM. TH1217 enhances the cytotoxic effect of cytidine analogues in leukemia cells. TH1217 also could modulate SARS-Cov-2 interactors, so it shows activity of against COVID-19[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1862212-48-3
  • MF: C20H17BCl2N4O6
  • MW: 491.09
  • Catalog: SARS-CoV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MI-1851

MI-1851 is a potent furin inhibitor. MI-1851 prevents the proteolytic processing of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 by endogenous flavoprotease in HEK293 cells. MI-185 has antiviral activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2417283-44-2
  • MF: C34H53N15O6
  • MW: 767.88
  • Catalog: SARS-CoV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Doravirine

Doravirine is a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with potent activity against wild-type virus (95% inhibitory concentration 19 nM, 50% human serum). target:HIV [1]In vitro: Doravirine exhibits potent antiviral activity against wild-type virus and K103N, Y181C, and K103N/Y181C mutant viruses, with IC50 value of 12, 21, 31, and 33 nM, respectively. [1] MK-1439 exhibited similar antiviral activities against 10 different HIV-1 subtype viruses (a total of 93 viruses).[2]In vivo: Administration of 50 mg doravirine with a high-fat meal is associated with slight elevations in AUC time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞) and C24 h with no change in Cmax. Midazolam AUC0-∞ is slightly reduced by coadministration of doravirine (geometric mean ratio 0.82, 90% CI 0.70, 0.97). [3]

  • CAS Number: 1338225-97-0
  • MF: C17H11ClF3N5O3
  • MW: 425.749
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Elastase LasB-IN-1

Elastase LasB-IN-1 (Compound 4b) has antibacterial activity. Elastase LasB-IN-1 (Compound 4b) is a selective elastase LasB inhibitor with an IC50 value of 76 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 2762675-17-0
  • MF: C13H17F3NO4P
  • MW: 339.25
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ABMA

ABMA is a novel broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protects cells against various toxins and pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria and parasite; protects mice from nasal instillation of an LD90 of ricin; provokes Rab7-positive late endosomal compartment accumulation in mammalian cells without affecting other organelles.

  • CAS Number: 332108-65-3
  • MF: C18H24BrNO
  • MW: 350.293
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 428.2±30.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 212.8±24.6 °C

Lamivudine salicylate

Lamivudine (BCH-189) salicylate is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Lamivudine salicylate can inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase 1/2 and also the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus. Lamivudine salicylate can penetrate the CNS[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 173522-96-8
  • MF: C15H17N3O6S
  • MW: 367.377
  • Catalog: HBV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

theaflavine-3,3'-digallate

Theaflavine-3,3'-digallate, a bioactive black tea phenolic, can be used for the research of gut microbiota composition modulatory effects[1].

  • CAS Number: 33377-72-9
  • MF: C43H32O20
  • MW: 868.702
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 2.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1352.6±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 411.0±27.8 °C