Marrubiin, isolated from Marrubium vulgare, exhibits vasorelaxant and antioedematogenic activity. Marrubiin alleviates diabetic symptoms in animals[1][2][3].
Acetyl-Exenatideyes is an acetylated derivative of Exenatide. Exenatide has the function similar to insulin, which can be used for research of type 2 diabetes. Exenatide can promote Th17 differentiation, inhibits Tregs differentiation, downregulates PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 phosphorylation[1].
Tegoprazan, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, is a potent, oral active and highly selective inhibitor of gastric H+/K+-ATPase that could control gastric acid secretion and motility, with IC50 values ranging from 0.29-0.52 μM for porcine, canine, and human H+/K+-ATPases in vitro[1].
3'-O-Methylorobol, an antioxidant flavonoid, exhibits moderate antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay[1].
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-10), human, an adrenocorticotropin hormone fragment, possesses a weak α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) potency only at high doses (100 and 1000 nM).
Minalrestat (ARI-509) is a potent and orally active aldose reductase inhibitor. Minalrestat can be used in the research of diabetes[1].
TRPV1 activator-2 (compound 9), a capsaicin head analog, makes specific interactions with channel residues at the lipid-water[1].
Phenoxyacetic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Phenoxyacetic acid[1]. Phenoxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Angeloylgomisin H, as a major lignin extract of Schisandra rubriflora, has the potential to improve insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by activating PPAR-γ[1].
Atrial natriuretic peptide (3-28) (human) (ANP (3-28) (human)) is a peptide hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the atrial myocardium. Atrial natriuretic peptide (3-28) (human) is involved in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis[1][2].
CHIR-98014 is a potent, cell-permeable GSK-3 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.65 and 0.58 nM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively; it shows less potent activities against cdc2 and erk2.
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside (Eriodictyol 7-O-β-D-glucoside), a flavonoid, is a potent free radical scavenger. Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside is also an Nrf2 activator, confers protection against Cisplatin-induced toxicity[1].
Glucokinase activator 1 is a liver-directed glucokinase activator with an EC50 of 34 nM.
2,2,14,14-Tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic acid is a ketone compound extracted from patent WO2002030860A2, compound example II-9. 2,2,14,14-Tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic acid can be used for the research of cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dysproteinemias, and glucose metabolism disorders[1].
FBPase-1 inhibitor-1 (compound 1) is a novel allosteric inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1)[1].
(D-Trp12,Tyr34)-pTH (7-34) amide (bovine) is a potent and competitive antagonist of parathyroid hormone (PTH), with a Ki of 69 nM in bovine renal cortical membrane. (D-Trp12,Tyr34)-pTH (7-34) amide (bovine) can be used for growth and development regulation[1][2].
Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a crystal form of Nicotinamide riboside (NR) chloride which is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD[+]) precursor vitamin. Nicotinamide riboside chloride increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is used in dietary supplements[1].
21-Acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11),16-tetraene-3,20-dione is an intermediate of delta 9,11 steroids synthesis, for example, Vamorolone (HY-109017). The delta 9,11 steroids are modifications of glucocorticoids and has anti-inflammatory properties. The delta 9,11 steroids are agents for protection against cell damage (lipid peroxidation) and inhibition of neovascularization[1].
D-Allothreonine is the D type stereoisomer of Allothreonine. D-Allothreonine is a peptido-lipid derived from bacteria. D-Allothreonine, amide-linked to the D-galacturonic acid, is also a constituent in the polysaccharide[1][2].
Semaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Rusalatide acetate (TP508 amide acetate), a regenerative peptide, mitigates radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage by activating stem cells and preserving crypt integrity[1].
S961 is an high-affinity and selective insulin receptor (IR) antagonist with IC50s of 0.048, 0.027, and 630 nM for HIR-A, HIR-B, and human insulin-like growth factor I receptor (HIGF-IR) in SPA-assay, respectively[1].
Enterostatin (rat), an orally active activation peptide of procolipase, selectively reduces fat intake. Enterostatin (rat) reduces serum cholesterol levels by way of a CCK1 receptor-dependent mechanism[1][2].
Imeglimin hydrochloride is the first antidiabetic compound that induces an increase in mitochondrial phospholipid composition, contributing to improvements in hepatic mitochondrial function.
Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant agent.
1-Methyl-2-[(4Z,7Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone, a quinolone alkaloid, is a diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker, with IC50s of 20.1 μM and 34.1 μM, respectively. 1-Methyl-2-[(4Z,7Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone shows potent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity with the MIC of 10 μg/mL[1][2][3].
Sequoyitol (5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol) is isolated from plants. Sequoyitol (5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol) decreases blood glucose, improves glucose intolerance, and is used to treat diabetes[1].
T-3364366 is a reversible, slow-binding, thienopyrimidinone delta-5 desaturase (D5D) inhibitor with IC50s of 1.9 nM and 2.1 nM in HepG2 and RLN-10 cells, respectively. T-3364366 exhibits potent D5D (IC500=19 nM) inhibitory activity and excellent selectivity away from delta-6 desaturase (D6D, IC50=6200 nM) and delta-9 desaturase (stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD,50 >10000 nM) in the enzymatic activity assay[1].
LY2608204 is a activator of glucokinase (GK) with EC50 of 42 nM.IC 50 value: 42 nM (EC50)Target: glucokinasein vitro: LY2608204 activates glucokinase (GK) with EC50 of 42 nM at 10 mM glucose with a concentration dependent manner at lower glucose concentrations. LY2608204 also stimulates glucose metabolism in rat insulinoma INS1-E cells with EC50 of 579 nM.in vivo: LY2608204 decreases plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner at both fasted and postprandial glucose levels. A maximal lowering of glucose AUC versus the untreated control group is observed with the high dose (30 mg/kg) and represents a 42% decrease. Interpolation of the data show that a 20% glucose AUC decrease occurs at an average LY2608204 concentration of 99 ng/mL (179 nM) in plasma, corresponding to a 6.9 mg/kg LY2608204 dose. The in vivo blood brain barrier permeability of LY2608204 results in a mean brain/plasma ratio of 0.17 five minutes post-dose with a mean total brain level of 0.539 nmol/g.Clinical trail:
2-(2',3',4'-Trihydroxybutyl)quinoxaline is a food metabolite. 2-(2',3',4'-Trihydroxybutyl)quinoxaline can be formed from homoglucans[1].