7-Ketolithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid), a bile acid, can be absorbed and suppresses endogenous bile acid production and biliary cholesterol secretion[1][2].
Porphobilinogen could act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin.
AP102 is a dual SSTR2/SSTR5-specific somatostatin analog (SSA). AP102 is a disulfide-bridged octapeptide SSA containing synthetic iodinated amino acids. AP102 binds with subnanomolar affinity to SSTR2 and SSTR5 (IC50: 0.63 and 0.65 nM, respectively). AP102 does not bind to SSTR1 or SSTR3. AP102 can be used for acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors research[1].
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor-1 is a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) inhibitor.
L-Glutamine-15N-1 (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide-15N-1) is the 15N-labeled L-Glutamine. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].
Curcumenone is a major constituent of the plants of medicinally important genus of Curcuma. Curcumenone, a caraborane type sesquiterpene has been reported to be a vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective and an effective inhibitor of intoxication[1].
GW9578 is a subtype-selective PPARα agonist (EC50s of 5 and 50 nM for murine and human PPAR-α) with potent lipid-lowering activity[1][2].
Tianagliflozin is a sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor with potential for investigation in type 2 diabetes[1].
Loxiglumide is a cholecystokinin (CCK-1) receptor antagonist.
MK-4256 is a potent and selective SSTR3 antagonist with IC50s of 0.66 nM and 0.36 nM in human and mouse receptor binding assays, respectively.
L-Alanine-d4 (L-2-Aminopropionic acid-d4) is the deuterium labeled L-Alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.
Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
Ceruletide, a biologically active decapeptide isolated from the skin of the Australian frog Hyla caerulea, is a potent cholecystokinetic agent, and acts as a cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Sequence: {pGlu}-Gln-Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2;{pGlu}-QD-Y(SO3H)-TGWMDF-NH2.
L-797591 is a selective somatostatin receptor subtype 1 (SSTR1) agonist[1].
Zavacorilant is capable of modulating glucocorticoid receptor (GR)[1].
Pamidronic acid is a drug used to treat a broad spectrum of bone absorption diseases.
Coenzyme Q10-d6 is deuterium labeled Coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant agent.
4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, a normal norepinephrine metabolite, is found to be associated with Menkes syndrome.
Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids.
GSK-3 inhibitor 1 is an inhibitor of GSK-3.
Ridaifen-B (RID-B) is a potent antagonist of estrogen receptor α (ERα) with IC50 of 52.4 nM, a tamoxifen (HY-13757A) derivative[1]. Ridaifen-B is a high affinity, selective, inverse agonist at CB2 receptor (Ki=43.7 nM) over 17 folds CB1 receptor (Ki=732 nM). Ridaifen-B modulates G-protein (IC50=300 nM) and adenylyl cyclase activity with potency values predicted by CB2 affinity (IC50=134 nM). Ridaifen-B has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-osteoclastogenic effects[1][3].
Methyl Cholate is methyl ester form of Cholic acid. Cholic acid is one of the major bile acids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol[1].
PAT-347 is an Autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor. ATX is a secretory enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and regulates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production in the blood[1][2].
CD38 inhibitor 3 (compound 1) is a potent CD38 inhibitor (IC50=11 nM). CD38 inhibitor 3 can promote mitochondrial biogenesis, reduce lactate levels, and increase NAD+ content and Nrf2 expression. In a model of mitochondrial myopathy, CD38 inhibitor 3 increases muscle contraction/development and improves exercise tolerance in Pus1-/- mice[1].
N-Isovaleroylglycine is an acyl glycine and could be used as a biomarker for the predispositon for weight gain and obesity.
Bimagrumab (Anti-ACVR2B Reference Antibody) is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks activin type II receptor (ActRII), with KDs of 1.7 pM and 434 pM for human ActRIIB and ActRIIA, respectively. Bimagrumab can be used for the research of pathological muscle loss and weakness[1][2].
Z-FY-CHO (Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO) is a potent and specific cathepsin L (CTSL) inhibitor[1][2].
ZLN005 is a novel transcriptional regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α).IC50 value:Target: PGC-1αin vitro: ZLN005 increases expression of the PGC-1α gene in L6 myotubes. ZLN005 increased PGC-1α mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner; 20 μmol/L ZLN005 caused a threefold increase over the control after 24 h. At 10 μmol/L, the PGC-1α mRNA levels were increased to almost the same extent at 16 to 48 h [1]. ZLN005 did not increase the expression of the PGC-1α gene in rat primary hepatocytes. AMP-activated protein kinase is involved in the mechanism inducing PGC-1α in L6 myotubes [1]in vivo: An insulin tolerance test revealed that treatment with ZLN005 significantly decreased insulin resistance in db/db mice, as evidenced by the approximately 18% decrease in the AUC. A PTT also was performed in db/db mice, and ZLN005 improved pyruvate tolerance, as evidenced by the 16% decrease in the AUC. In db/db mice, plasma NEFA and triglyceride levels were decreased by 20% and 37%, respectively, and cholesterol was decreased by 10% with ZLN005 treatment. Plasma insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate content, liver/bodyweight index and adipose composition, and muscle and liver triglyceride levels, however, were not ameliorated by treatment with ZLN005 or metformin [1].
2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is the electron transfer mediator. 2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone changes glucose metabolism of the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria[1].