Tachykinin angatonist 1 is a neurokinin receptor antagonist extracted from patent US5968923, compound example 32.
Nitecapone (OR-462) is an orally active and short-acting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor with gastroprotective and antioxidant properties. Nitecapone (OR-462) scavenges reactive oxygen and nitric radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation[1][2][3].
GSK-3β inhibitor 9 (Compound 9b) is a highly selective, orally bioavailable and potent GSK-3β inhibitor with the IC50 of 35 nM. GSK-3β inhibitor 9 shows good pharmacokinetic profiles including favorable BBB penetration. GSK-3β inhibitor 9 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Tizanidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and inhibits neurotransmitter release from CNS noradrenergic neurons.Target: α2-adrenergic receptorTizanidine is a drug that is used as a muscle relaxant. It is a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist. It is used to treat the spasms, cramping, and tightness of muscles caused by medical problems such as multiple sclerosis, ALS, spastic diplegia, back pain, or certain other injuries to the spine or central nervous system. It is also prescribed off-label for migraine headaches, as a sleep aid, and as an anticonvulsant. It is also prescribed for some symptoms of fibromyalgia.Tizanidine has been found to be as effective as other antispasmodic drugs and has superior tolerability to that of baclofen and diazepam. Tizanidine can be very strong even at the 2 mg dose and may cause hypotension, so caution is advised when it is used in patients who have a history of orthostatic hypotension, or when switching from gel cap to tablet form and vice versa. Tizanidine can occasionally cause liver damage, generally the hepatocellular type. Clinical trials show that up to 5% of patients treated with tizanidine had elevated liver function test values, though symptoms disappeared upon withdrawal of the drug. Care should be used when first beginning treatment with tizanidine with regular liver tests for the first 6 months of treatment.
Vortioxetine hydrobromide is a multimodal serotonergic agent, inhibits 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3A, 5-HT7 receptor and SERT with Ki values of 15 nM, 33 nM, 3.7 nM, 19 nM and 1.6 nM, respectively.
Oxiracetam is a cyclic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has been commonly used as nootropic drug to treat cognitive impairments.
Zuclopenthixol ((Z)-Clopenthixol) dihydrochloride is a thioxanthene derivative which acts as a mixed dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist. Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride is used in the study of schizophrenia[1][2][3].
Lupanin (D-Lupanine) is a natural ketonic derivative of Sparteine ((+)-Sparteine (HY-W008350)) with a ganglioplegic activity. Lupanine shows binding affinity for nicotinic receptor (nAChR) with a Ki value of 500 nM[1].
Dapoxetine (LY-210448) is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Dapoxetine can be used for the research of premature ejaculation (PE)[1].
c-ABL-IN-4 is a potent inhibitor of c-Abl. Activation of c-Abl has been implicated in various diseases, notably cancer. c-ABL-IN-4 has the potential for the research of neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cancer (extracted from patent WO2021048567A1, compound 54)[1].
L-Tyrosine-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Tyrosine. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.
NESS 0327 is a cannabinoid antagonist with high selectivity for the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. NESS 0327 is more than 60,000-fold selective for the CB1 receptor[1].
GX-674 is a potent, state-dependent, isoform-selective voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) antagonist with an IC50 of 0.1 nM at -40 mV[1].
Rilmazafone is a benzodiazepine (omega) ligand with sedative and hypnotic effects[1].
Kentsin, a contraceptive tetrapeptide, is originally extracted from hamster embryos. Kentsin prevents the maturation of Graafian follicles and consequently inhibits ovulation. Kentsin has opiate properties on gastrointestinal motility[1][3][5].
GR 82334 is a potent and specific reversible tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist[1]. GR 82334 inhibits substance P-induced sensitization by blocking SP NK1 receptors in naked mole-rats[1].
S-MTC (S-Methyl-L-thiocitrulline) dihydrochloride is a selective type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor.
TH470 is a highly selective LIMK1/2 (LIM kinase1/2) inhibitor (LIMK1 IC50=9.8 nM; LIMK2 IC50=13 nM), and can be used in orphan disease research[1].
Substance P (6-11) is the C-terminal hexapeptideamide of Substance P (Substance P (HY-P0201)). Substance P (6-11) binds to NK-1 tachykinin receptor. Substance P (6-11) shows depolarization of motoneurons and a hypotensive effect[1][2].
Tricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a potent and orally active neuroprotective agent. Tricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside induces Apoptosis. Tricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside decreases the expression of TNF-α induced phosphor-κB-α, phosphor-NF-κB, HMGB1[1].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling[1][2][3][4][5].
Aniracetam(Ro 13-5057) is a nootropics and neuroprotective drug, which is selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.Target: AMPA; nAChRAniracetam is an ampakine and nootropic of the racetam chemical class purported to be considerably more potent than piracetam. It selectively modulates the AMPA receptor. It is lipid soluble and has possible cognition enhancing effects. It has been tested in animals extensively, Alzheimer's patients and temporarily-impaired healthy subjects. It has shown potential as an anxiolytic in three clinical animal models [1].Administration of aniracetam for 10 days (post-natal days (PND) 18-27), at a dose of 50 mg/kg reversed cognitive deficits in both rat genders, indicated by a significant increase in the number of avoidances and the number of 'good learners'. After the termination of the nootropic treatment, a significant increase in both amplitude and frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated mEPSCs in hippocampal CA-1 pyramidal cells was observed [2].Clinical indications: Cognitive disorder; StrokeFDA Approved Date: Toxicity: insomnia; headaches; nausea or rash.
Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline) methochloride is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methochloride induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methochloride can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
8-OH-DPAT is a potent and selective 5-HT agonist, with a pIC50 of 8.19 for 5-HT1A and a Ki of 466 nM for 5-HT7; 8-OH-DPAT weakly binds to 5-HT1B (pIC50, 5.42), 5-HT (pIC50 <5).
Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a pharmaceutical drug, specifically a GABA analog. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy, and currently is also used to relieve neuropathic pain.IC50 Value: 140 nM (α2δ subunit of calcium channel) [1]Target: Calcium Channelin vitro: Gabapentin, baclofen and CGP 44532 all reduced the electrically stimulated release of [3H]glutamic acid (IC50=20 microM, 0.8 microM and 2 microM, respectively). Gabapentin was without effect on the release of [3H]GABA, whilst baclofen (IC50=8 microM) and CGP 44532 (IC50=1 microM) inhibited [3H]GABA release [2]. A large inhibition of calcium currents by gabapentin was observed in pyramidal neocortical cells (up to 34%). Significantly, the gabapentin-mediated inhibition of calcium currents saturated at particularly low concentrations (around 10 microM), at least in neocortical neurons (IC50 about 4 microM) [3].in vivo: Gabapentin produced an anti-allodynic effect over the 7-day period, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but increasing the expression of IL-10 (TNF-α, 316.0 ± 69.7 pg/mL vs 88.8 ± 24.4 pg/mL; IL-1β, 1,212.9 ± 104.5 vs 577.4 ± 97.1 pg/mL; IL-6, 254.0 ± 64.8 pg/mL vs 125.5 ± 44.1 pg/mL; IL-10, 532.1 ± 78.7 pg/mL vs 918.9 ± 63.1 pg/mL). The suppressive effect of gabapentin on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was partially blocked by the anti-IL-10 antibody [4].Toxicity: No new safety signals or adverse event trends relating to GEn exposure were identified [5].Clinical trial: N/A
Boc-D-Leucine monohydrate (Boc-D-Leu-OH hydrate) is an N-Boc-protected form of D-Leucine (L330150). D-Leucine is an unnatural isomer of L-Leucine (L330110) that acts as an auto-inhibitor of lactic streptococci. D-Leucine shows potent anti-seizure effect[1].
Alogabat (example 8) is a GABAA α5 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) (extracted from patent WO2018104419A1)[1].
Refanezumab (GSK249320) is an IgG1-type humanized monoclonal antibody directed against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Refanezumab binds to MAG and blocks MAG-mediated inhibition of axonal regeneration. Refanezumab can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in animal stroke models. Refanezumab has the potential for the enhancement of recovery of function poststroke[1][2].
LY2119620 is a high-affinity muscarinic M2/M4 receptor agonist.
Alimemazine is a phenothiazine derivative that is generally used as an antipruritic agent and also a hemagglutinin (HA)-receptor antagonist.Alimemazine (Trimeprazine) is also acts as a partial agonist against the histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and other GPCRs. Alimemazine displays sedative, antiserotonin, antispasmodic, and antiemetic properties[1][2].