Naloxone is an antagonist of Opioid receptor. Naloxone alleviates opioid-overdose-induced respiratory depression. Naloxone may cause pulmonary edema and cardiac arrhythmias[1].
5-HT3 antagonist 1 is a potent and selective antagonist of serotonin 3 (5-HT3) receptor.
Quetiapine (hemifumarate)-d8 is the deuterium labeled Quetiapine hemifumarate[1]. Quetiapine hemifumarate is a 5-HT receptors agonist with a pEC50 of 4.77 for human 5-HT1A receptor. Quetiapine hemifumarate is a dopamine receptor antagonist with a pIC50 of 6.33 for human D2 receptor. Quetiapine hemifumarate has moderate to high affinity for the human D2, HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptor with pKis of 7.25, 5.74, 7.54, 5.55. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects[2].
Irampanel (BIIR 561) is an AMPA receptor and voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker. Irampanel inhibits kainate-induced currents in rat cortical neurons[1].
PEPA is an allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors; binds to the GluA2o and GluA3o LBDs and can be utilized as an indicator of AMPA receptor heterogeneity.IC50 value:Target: AMPAR modulatorin vitro: PEPA dose-dependently potentiated AMPA-induced increase of [Ca2+]i. In 90% (72 out of 80) of the cells in which cyclothiazide acts, PEPA potentiated the increased [Ca2+]i induced by AMPA with pronounced cell-to-cell variation in rat hippocampal cultures [1]. PEPA bound to the binding domains of the GluA2 and GluA3 flop isoforms of AMPA receptors [2]. coapplication of AMPA with PEPA protected hippocampal CA1 neurons from brain ischemia-induced death. Coapplication of AMPA with PEPA could prevent downregulated expression of GluR2 subunit caused by ischemia and increase BDNF expression via Lyn-ERK1/2-CREB signaling [4].in vivo: PEPA (3, 10, 30mg/kg body weight) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered into stressed mice once before the first extinction session. The significant decrease of the freezing response in the extinction sessions was only seen in the 30mg/kg PEPA-administered stressed mice, compared with vehicle-administered stressed mice [3].
2-PAT, an analogue of Rasagiline and Selegiline, a reversible MAO-A inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.721 µM. 2-PAT is an inactivator of MAO-B with an IC50 of 14.6 µM. 2-PAT has the potential for Parkinson’s disease and depression research[1].
Cimetropium Bromide is a mAChR antagonist for long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
LY2940094 is a potent, selective and orally available nociceptin receptor (NOP) antagonist with an Ki of 0.105 nM.
Ru-32514 is an agonist of benzodiazepine receptor.
Flibanserin (BIMT-17; BIMT-17BS) hydrochloride is an orally active serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist with Ki values of 1 nM and 49 nM, respectively. Flibanserin hydrochloride binds to dopamine D4 receptors with an Ki value of 4-24 nM. Flibanserin hydrochloride shows anti-depression and anti-anxiety effect, can be used to hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) research[1]-[5].
Haloperidol D4 is deuterium labeled haloperidol, and the latter is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist.
Ro 10-5824 dihydrochloride is a selective dopamine D4 receptor partial agonist, with Ki of 5.2 nM.
PNU-282987 (free base) (Compound C7) is a potent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist with an EC50 of 154 nM. PNU-282987 (free base) is also a functional antagonist of the 5-HT3 receptor with an IC50 of 4541 nM[1].
Litoxetine (SL 81.0385) is a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor. Litoxetine is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 85 nM for cerebral 5-HT3 receptors. Litoxetine is an antidepressant and has antiemetic properties[1].
Chlorprothixene has strong binding affinities to dopamine and histamine receptors, such as D1, D2, D3, D5, H1, 5-HT2, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7, with Ki of 18 nM, 2.96 nM, 4.56 nM, 9 nM, 3.75 nM, 9.4 nM, 3 nM and 5.6 nM, respectively.Target: Dopamine ReceptorChlorprothixene exerts strong binding affinities to the dopamine and histamine receptors, such as D1, D2, D3, D5 and H1 with Ki values of 18nM, 2.96 nM, 4.56 nM, 9 nM and 3.75 nM, respectively, but has little affinity to H3 (Ki >1000 nM) [1]. Chlorprothixene also shows high affinities for both rat 5-HT6 from stably transfected HEK-293 cells, and rat 5-HT7 receptors from transiently expressed COS-7 cells, with Ki values of 3 nM and 5.6 nM, respectively [2].Administration of Chlorprothixene restores normal ceramide concentrations in murine bronchial epithelial cells, reduces inflammation in the lungs of mice with cystic fibrosis (CF) and prevents infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by inhibiting acidsphingomyelinase (Asm) and not neutral sphingomyelinase (Nsm) [3].
Rotigotine Hydrochloride is a full agonist of dopamine receptor, a partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor, and an antagonist of the α2B-adrenergic receptor, with Ki of 0.71 nM, 4-15 nM, and 83 nM for the dopamine D3 receptor and D2, D5, D4 receptors, and dopamine D1 receptor.
Adipiplon (NG2-73) is a selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator. Adipiplon is particularly useful in the treatment of a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
3-Hydroxy agomelatine is a metabolite of Agomelatine. 3-Hydroxy agomelatine is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 3.2 μM and a Ki of 1.8 μM[1].
Donepezil-d5 is deuterium labeled Donepezil. Donepezil (E2020 free base) is a specific and potent AChE inhibitor with IC50s of 8.12 nM and 11.6 nM for bovine AChE and human AChE, respectively[1].
UBP618 is a GluN1/GluN2 receptors pan-inhibitor.
Maropitant is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist. IC50 value:Target: NK1 receptorMaropitant is the first NK1 receptor antagonist developed to treat and prevent emesis in dogs. Treatment with 1 mg/kg Maropitant citrate, significantly reduced the size of ulcerative dermatitis (UD) lesions in mice. Intravenous Maropitant decreased (p < 0.05) MAC by 16% (1.74 ± 0.17%). In contrast, epidural administration of either saline or Maropitant did not change (p > 0.05) the MAC (2.17 ± 0.34% and 1.92 ± 0.12%, respectively).
Oxidopamine hydrobromide is a selective catecholaminergic neurotoxin, depletes brain catecholamine levels via uptake and accumulation by a transport mechanism specific to these neurons. In vitro: Oxidopamine hydrobromide-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells was initiated by superoxide generation followed by caspase cascade activation, which was associated with the suppressed Akt phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation. It is likely that pCPT-cAMP prevented the Oxidopamine hydrobromide-induced apoptosis via activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway without any effect on superoxide generation or mitochondrial membrane depolarization. [1]In vivo the presence of sulfhydryl antioxidants protected against neuronal degeneration in the striatum, which was particularly remarkable in the case of CySH and was attributed to its capacity to remove the H2O2 produced in the autoxidation of Oxidopamine hydrobromide.
Pipecuronium bromide is a potent long-acting nondepolarizing steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA), and a bisquaternary ammonium compound. Pipecuronium bromide is a powerful competitive nAChR antagonist with a Kd of 3.06 μM[1][2][3][4][5].
Caroverine hydrochloride is a potent, competitive and reversible antagonist of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor. Caroverine hydrochloride is also an antioxidant and calcium-blocking agent that exhibits vasorelaxant action. Caroverine hydrochloride can be used for the research of inner ear tinnitus[1][2][3].
Acephate is an anticholinesterase insecticide that produces cholinotoxicity. Acephate displays weak inhibition of rat AChE but potently inhibits cockroach AChE.
Flufiprole is a nonsystemic phenylpyrazole insecticide targeting the GABA receptor used in the rice field. Flufiprole is excellent in controlling a wide range of pests[1].
AChE/BuChE-IN-4(compound 4a) is aorally activeandbrain-penetrantmultitarget-directedAChE/BuChEinhibitor againstAChEandBuChE, with theIC50of 2.08 and 7.41 μM[1].
4-(6-Bromo-2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylbenzenamine is a potent amyloid imaging agent which binds to Amyloid-β (1-40) with a KD of 1.7 nM.
AF-DX 384 is a selective antagonist of M2 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Kis=6.03 and 10 nM, respectively)[1]. AF-DX 384 reverses deficits in novel object recognition and passive avoidance in aged rats, as well as in young rats with impairments induced by scopolamine[2].
Setiptiline is a serotonin receptor antagonist.IC50 value:Target: 5-HT receptorSetiptiline is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) which acts as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). Setiptiline acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and serotonin receptor antagonist, likely at the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and/or 5-HT3 subtypes, as well as an H1 receptor inverse agonist/antihistamine. From Wikipedia.