Cinitapride is an orally active 5-HT4 agonist and D2 antagonist. Cinitapride shows gastroprotective properties on mucosal injury. Cinitapride can be used in functional dyspepsia (FD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) research[1][2][3].
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D-Glucose-d2-2 is the deuterium labeled D-Glucose. D-Glucose (Glucose), a monosaccharide, is an important carbohydrate in biology. D-Glucose is a carbohydrate sweetener and critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling mol
VU0119498 is a pan Gq mAChR M1, M3, M5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), with EC50s of 6.04, 6.38, and 4.08 µM, respectively. VU0119498 has antidiabetic activity[1][2][3].
Acamprosate is an orally active prototypic neuromodulator. Acamprosate can be used for the research of alcohol dependence and alcoholism[1].
Testosterone decanoate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Testosterone decanoate. Testosterone decanoate is a naturally occurring androgen testosterone ester. Testosterone decanoate shows long-acting male antifertility effects.
Methocarbamol D5 is deuterium labeled Methocarbamol. Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant[1].
[Des-His1,Glu9]-Glucagon amide is a potent and peptide antagonist of the glucagon receptor, with a pA2 of 7.2. [Des-His1,Glu9]-Glucagon amide is potentially useful in the study of the pathogenesis of diabetes[1].
GSK4112 is a Rev-erbα agonist with EC50 of 0.4 μM, also is a small molecule chemical probe for the cell biology of the nuclear heme receptor Rev-erbα.IC50 value: 0.4 μM (EC50)Target: Rev-erbαin vitro: GSK4112 profiled as a Rev-erb agonist in cells to inhibit expression of the circadian target gene bmal1. In addition, GSK4112 repressed the expression of gluconeogenic genes in liver cells and reduced glucose output in primary hepatocytes. Therefore, GSK4112 is useful as a chemical tool to probe the function of Rev-erb in transcriptional repression, regulation of circadian biology, and metabolic pathways. Additionally, GSK4112 may serve as a starting point for design of Rev-erb chemical probes with in vivo pharmacologicalm activity.
β-Glucogallin is a potent and selective aldose reductase (AKR1B1) inhibitor. β-Glucogallin can be isolated from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis[1].
Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1].
2-Methylbenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite.
KL-11743 is a potent, orally active, and glucose-competitive inhibitor of the class I glucose transporters, with IC50s of 115, 137, 90, and 68 nM for GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4, respectively. KL-11743 specifically blocks glucose metabolism. KL-11743 can synergize with electron transport inhibitors to induce cell death[1][2][3].
Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the mutual conversion of oxaloacetate and malate, and is associated with the oxidation/reduction of dinucleotide coenzymes[1].
Retinyl-β-D-glucoside is a naturally occurring and biologically active metabolites of vitamin A, which are found in fish and mammals.IC50 Value: Target: in vitro: Retinyl beta-D-glucoside is a substrate for two broad-specificity mammalian beta-glucosidases, namely the cytosolic and membrane-associated beta-glucosidases of guinea pig liver. However, retinyl beta-D-glucoside is not hydrolysed by placental glucocerebrosidase [1].in vivo: Depending on the mode of administration, retinyl beta-glucose, which is soluble in water, showed 67-100% of the growth-promoting activity of retinyl acetate in vitamin A-deficient rats. In metabolic studies on vitamin A-deficient rats, retinyl beta-glucose was rapidly hydrolyzed to retinol [2].
6β-Hydroxyipolamiide can be isolated from the methanolic extract of S. jamaicensis leaves. 6β-Hydroxyipolamiide has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 539.17 μg/mL[1].
L-Ascorbic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a colla
Sinapinic acid (Sinapic acid) is a phenolic compound isolated from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Rhizome, acts as an inhibitor of HDAC, with an IC50 of 2.27 mM[1], and also inhibits ACE-I activity[2]. Sinapinic acid posssess potent anti-tumor activity, induces apoptosis of tumor cells[1]. Sinapinic acid shows antioxidant and antidiabetic activities[2]. Sinapinic acid reduces total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HOMA-IR index, and also normalizes some serum parameters of antioxidative abilities and oxidative damage in ovariectomized rats[3].
(Glu20)-Glucagon (1-29) (human, rat, porcine) is the deamidation product of glucagon.
SLC26A3-IN-2 is an orally active inhibitor of anion exchanger protein SLC26A3 (IC50=360 nM). SLC26A3 belongs to solute carrier (SLC) proteins, and the SLC26 family. SLC26 family has broad anion specificity for chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and oxalate. SLC26A3 down-regulates in adenoma, DRA, involves in in intestinal absorption of chloride and oxalate. The loss of SLC26A3 function mutations is associated with chloride-losing diarrhea[1].
2-γ-Linolenoyl-1,3-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycerol is a triglyceride.
Metformin D6 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes research. Metformin hydrochloride triggers autophagy[1].
Marstacimab (PF-06741086) is an anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) monoclonal antibody. Marstacimab can be used for the research of hemophilia[1][2].
Butyl isobutyl phthalate is isolated from the rhizoid of Laminaria japonica. Butyl isobutyl phthalate is a non-competitive α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 38 μM. Butyl isobutyl phthalate shows a hypoglycemic effect and has the potential for diabetes treatment[1].
Glucagon receptor antagonists-2 is a highly potent glucagon receptor antagonist.
Gymnestrogenin is a pentahydroxytriterpene from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br[1]. Gymnestrogenin is a LXR antagonist with IC50s of 2.5 and 1.4 μM for LXRα and LXRβ transactivation, respectively. Gymnestrogenin reduces the transcriptional activity of LXR even on its own promoter, thus reducing the mRNA expression[2].
Carboxylesterases (CESs), namely carboxylate hydrolases, are widely distributed in nature, commonly found in mammalian liver, and often used in biochemical research. Carboxylesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including esters, thioesters, carbamates, and amides, hydrolyzing carboxylic acid esters to the corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids[1].
SR9238 is a synthetic LXR antagonist with IC50s of 214 nM and 43 nM for LXRα and LXRβ, respectively.
Pneumadin, rat (PNM) is a decapeptide, which possess a potent stimulating effect on arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release. Pneumadin, rat (PNM) exerts a marked antidiuretic effect in animals with functional AVP system[1][2].