AR7 is a retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) antagonist.
GEMSA is a potent inhibitor of enkephalin convertase (Ki=8.8 nM). GEMSA elicites analgesia[1].
T808 is a tau-selective Alzheimer’s PET ligand. T808 is a type of imaging agent used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans. It is a radiotracer that is used to help visualize certain areas of the body, such as the brain, in order to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions[1].
Etbicyphat (Trimethylopropane phosphate) is a potent GABA(A) receptors competitive antagonist. Etbicyphat induces epileptiform activities in hippocampal CA1 neurons, and binds to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptors[1].
Sotuletinib (BLZ945) dihydrochloride is an orally active and blood-brain barrier-permeable CSF1-R-specific inhibitor (IC50=1 nM). Sotuletinib (BLZ945) dihydrochloride induces tumor cell apoptosis and effectively inhibits tumor growth in mouse models. Sotuletinib dihydrochloride can be used in cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research[1].
11β-HSD1-IN-8 (compound c6a) is a 11β‑HSD1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM for human 11β‑HSD1. 11β-HSD1-IN-8 can be used for the research of diabetes and cognitive decline[1].
VU0238441 is a pan muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with EC50s of 3.2 μM, 2.8 μM, 2.2 μM, 2.1 μM, >10 μM for M1, M2, M3, M5 and M4, respectively[1][2].
DC-Chol hydrochloride could inhibit Aβ40 fibril formation under appropriate experimental conditions. DC-Chol hydrochloride strongly inhibits amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT in a dose-dependent manner[1][2].
SB269970 is a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with pKi of 8.3, exhibits >50-fold selectivity against other receptors.IC50 Value: 8.3 (pKi for 5-HT7) [1]Target: 5-HT7 receptorin vitro: 5-CT-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in guinea-pig hippocampal membranes (pEC(50) of 8.4+/-0.2) was inhibited by SB-269970-A (0.3 microM) with a pK(B) (8.3+/-0.1) in good agreement with its antagonist potency at the human cloned 5-HT(7(a)) receptor and its binding affinity at guinea-pig cortical membranes. 5-HT(7) receptor mRNA was highly expressed in human hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus and testis [1]. Cortical slices were loaded with [(3)H]-5-HT and release was evoked by electrical stimulation. 5-CT inhibited the evoked release of [(3)H]-5-HT in a concentration-dependent manner. SB-269970 had no significant effect on [(3)H]-5-HT release while the 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist, SB-224289 significantly potentiated [(3)H]-5-HT release. In addition, SB-269970 was unable to attenuate the 5-CT-induced inhibition of release while SB-224289 produced a rightward shift of the 5-CT response, generating estimated pK(B) values of 7.8 and 7.6 at the guinea-pig and rat terminal 5-HT autoreceptors respectively [2].in vivo: Acute administration of SB-269970 (1 mg/kg) or amisulpride (3 mg/kg) ameliorated ketamine-induced cognitive inflexibility and novel object recognition deficit in rats. Both compounds were also effective in attenuating ketamine-evoked disruption of social interactions [3]. Pretreatment with a dose of SB-269970 (0.5 mM) that significantly affects sleep variables antagonized the LP-44 (2.5 mM)-induced suppression of REMS and of the number of REM periods [4].Toxicity: N/AClinical trial: N/A
Droxidopa(L-DOPS, SM5688) is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline); capable of crossing the protective blood–brain barrierIC50 value: Target: The acute administration of droxidopa in PVL and BDL rats caused a significant and maintained increase in arterial pressure and mesenteric arterial resistance, with a significant decrease of mesenteric arterial and portal blood flow, without changing portal pressure and renal blood flow [1]. L-threo-dihydroxyphenyslerine (Droxidopa) is a pro-drug which has a structure similar to noradrenaline, but with a carboxyl group. It has no pressor effects in this form. It can be administered orally, unlike noradrenaline, and after absorption is converted by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase into noradrenaline thus increasing levels of the neurotransmitter which is identical to endogenous noradrenaline [2].
δ-Sleep Inducing Peptide is a neuropeptide, with antioxidant and anxiolytic properties.
RORγt modulator 3 (Compound 23) is a modulator of retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt). RORγt modulator 3 can be used for the research of RORyt mediated diseases such as, e.g., pain, inflammation, COPD, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer[1].
Tenuifoliside A is isolated from Polygala tenuifolia, has anti-apoptotic and antidepressant-like effects. Tenuifoliside A exhibits its neneurotrophic effects and promotes cell proliferation through the ERK/CREB/BDNF signal pathway in C6 cells[1].
Z-Pro-Pro-aldehyde-dimethyl acetal is a potent inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), a cytoplasmic serine endoprotease (IC50= 12 nM). Z-Pro-Pro-aldehyde-dimethyl acetal plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease[1][2].
Urinary Incontinence-Targeting Compound 1 is a sulfonanilide derivative, used in the research of urinary incontinence.
Ro 25-6981 is a potent and selective activity-dependent blocker of NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit. IC50 values are 0.009 and 52 μM for cloned receptor subunit combinations NR1C/NR2B and NR1C/NR2A respectively.IC50 value: 9 nM [1]Target: NMDA receptor subtype of NR1C & NR2Bin vitro: Ro 25-6981 inhibited 3H-MK-801 binding to rat forebrain membranes in a biphasic manner with IC50 values of 0.003 microM and 149 microM for high- (about 60%) and low-affinity sites, respectively. NMDA receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes were blocked with IC50 values of 0.009 microM and 52 microM for the subunit combinations NR1C & NR2B and NR1C & NR2A, respectively, which indicated a >5000-fold selectivity [1]. Increasing the concentration of spermidine did not change the efficacy of RO 25-6981 and minimally changed the IC(50) value. Epsilon1Q336R receptors were more inhibited by ifenprodil and RO 25-9681 than wildtype epsilon1 receptors in ligand binding assays but not in functional assays [2].in vivo: Intrathecal injection of Ro 25-6981 significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency after the operation. Significant change has been observed after intrathecal injection of 800.0 μg of Ro 25-6981 and at 2h after operation in the oblique pull test degree and BBB rating score. Pretreatment of Ro 25-6981 decreased the high level expression of NR2B with tyrosine phosphorylation in spinal dorsal horn of the rat model after the operation [3].
DH97 is a potent and selective antagonist of MT2 melatonin receptor, with a pKi of 8.03 for human MT2. DH97 shows 89- and 229-fold selectivity for human MT2 over human mt1 and Xenopus mel1c receptor subtypes. DH97 can inhibit melatonin-induced enhancement of electrically-evoked responses[1][2].
Aripiprazole lauroxil, an N-acyloxymethyl prodrug of aripiprazole, is a Long-acting injectable (LAI) typical antipsychotic for schizophrenia. Aripiprazole lauroxil is cleaved by body’s enzyme esterase to N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole (plus lauric acid) and then to aripiprazole (plus formaldehyde), no toxicity[1].
Samelisant (SUVN-G3031) is a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist with good brain penetration and oral bioavailability. Samelisant has a similar binding affinity towards human (hH3R; Ki=8.7 nM) and rat (rH3R;Ki=9.8 nM) H3R indicating no inter-species differences. Samelisant can be used for the research of sleep-related disorders[1].
Ambucetamide is an antispasmodic agent. Ambucetamide alleviates menstrual pain[1][2].
PU02, a derivative of 6-MP (HY-13677), is a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of 5-HT3 receptor, with IC50 values of 0.36 and 0.73 μM in HEK293 cells transfected with human 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB receptors respectively[1][2].
Dinactin, an antibiotic ionophore produced by Streptomyces species, as an effective small molecule targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer cells. Dinactin shows marked inhibition of HCT-116 cell growth with an IC50 of 1.1 µM. Dinactin shows anti-proliferative activity against the cancer cells in apoptosis-independent manner. Dinactin is also an effective agent for the research of neuropathic pain[1].
LDN-212320(OSU-0212320) is a glutamate transporter EAAT2 activator; enhances EAAT2 levels by > 6 fold at concentrations < 5 μM after 24 h.IC50 value: 1.83 uM(EC50) [2]Target: EAAT2 activatorin vitro: LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels in a dose-dependent(EC50=1.83 ± 0.27 μM) and time-dependent manner. LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake function, but did not affect EAAT1 or EAAT3 protein levels. LDN/OSU-0212320 treatment markedly prevented neuronal loss and degeneration, as assessed by MAP2 immunostaining [2]. in vivo: After a single i.p. 40-mg/kg dose of LDN/OSU-0212320, EAAT2 protein levels and associated glutamate uptake increased by approximately 1.5- to 2-fold at 2 hours and by approximately 2- to 3-fold between 8 and 24 hours after injection. Even 72 hours after injection, an approximately 1.5-fold increase in EAAT2 protein levels could still be detected (data not shown). In addition, we found that LDN/OSU-0212320–induced EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake were dose dependent [2].Small-molecule activator of glutamate transporter EAAT2 translation provides neuroprotectionBy Kong, Qiongman; Chang, Ling-Chu; Takahashi, Kou; Liu, Qibing; Schulte, Delanie A.; Lai, Liching; Ibabao, Brian; Lin, Yuchen; Stouffer, Nathan; Das Mukhopadhyay, Chitra; et alFrom Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014), 124(3), 1255-1267. Structure-activity relationship study of pyridazine derivatives as glutamate transporter EAAT2 activatorsBy Xing, Xuechao; Chang, Ling-Chu; Kong, Qiongman; Colton, Craig K.; Lai, Liching; Glicksman, Marcie A.; Lin, Chien-Liang Glenn; Cuny, Gregory D. From Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2011), 21(19), 5774-5777.
GR 113808 is a potent and highly selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist (pKb= 8.8). GR 113808 shows 300-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT3 receptors[1].
SEP-363856 （SEP-856）, an orally active and CNS active psychotropic agent with a unique, non-D2/5-HT2A mechanism of action, exerts its antipsychotic-like effects. SEP-363856 （SEP-856） has the potential for the treatment of schizophrenia[1].
Delta (Phospho) Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP-P) is a long-lasting sleep-promoting peptide. Delta (Phospho) Sleep Inducing Peptide induces changes in the circadian locomotor behavior in rats[1][2][3].
Naloxonazine is a potent and selective opiate mu-1 antagonist that can also affect leishmania by regulating host coding function[1].
Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
Hemokinin 1, human is a selective tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor full agonist. Hemokinin 1, human is a full agonist at NK2 and NK3 receptor. Hemokinin 1, human can produces an opioid-independent analgesia[1][2].
EPI-589, a quinone derivative, is a safe and well tolerated oxidoreductase enzyme inhibitor. EPI-589 has the potential for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)[1].