Chemsrc provides Signaling Pathways's classification. They are divided into Anti-infection, Antibody-drug Conjugate, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle/DNA Damage, Cytoskeleton, Epigenetics, GPCR/G Protein, Immunology/Inflammation, JAK/STAT Signaling, MAPK/ERK Pathway, Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel, Metabolic Enzyme/Protease, Neuronal Signaling, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, PROTAC, Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK, Stem Cell/Wnt, TGF-beta/Smad, Vitamin D Related, Others according to their Biological activity.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

imiquimod

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier and a toll-like receptor 7 agonist.

  • CAS Number: 99011-02-6
  • MF: C14H16N4
  • MW: 240.304
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 456.7±48.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 292-294°C
  • Flash Point: 230.0±29.6 °C

Antimicrobial agent-22

Antimicrobial agent-22 (THI 6c) is a multi-target broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Antimicrobial agent-22 has low cytotoxicity, hemolytic property, rapid bactericidal ability and good anti-biofilm activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2373339-51-4
  • MF: C15H16N4OS
  • MW: 300.38
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(Z)-p-cyano-α-Cyanostilbene

(Z)-p-cyano-α-Cyanostilbene (compound 11), a phenantrene derivative, has antiproliferative activity. (Z)-p-cyano-α-Cyanostilbene shows significant selectivity against HeLa (IC50=0.21 µM) and HepG2 (IC50=0.230 µM) cells without cytotoxic against normal skin fibroblasts (IC50>100 µM)[1].

  • CAS Number: 54676-54-9
  • MF: C16H10N2
  • MW: 230.26
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Z-Val-OSu

Z-Val-Osu is a valine derivative[1].

  • CAS Number: 3496-11-5
  • MF: C17H20N2O6
  • MW: 348.350
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 106-120ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

Neuraminidase

Neuraminidase (Exo-α-sialidase) is an exosialidase, is often used in biochemical studies. Neuraminidase cleaves α-ketosidic linkage between the sialic (N-acetylneuraminic) acid and an adjacent sugar residue. Neuraminidase, derived from mucosal pathogens, is a virulence factor that modifies the host's response to infection[1].

  • CAS Number: 9001-67-6
  • MF: C9H14N4O3
  • MW: 226.232
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 656.2±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 350.7±31.5 °C

7-TFA-ap-7-Deaza-ddA

7-TFA-ap-7-Deaza-ddA (compound 19c, US20060281100A1), a nucleotide derivative, can be used in the synthesis of thiotriphosphate nucleotide dye terminators which can be used in DNA sequencing reactions[1].

  • CAS Number: 114748-71-9
  • MF: C16H16F3N5O3
  • MW: 383.325
  • Catalog: DNA/RNA Synthesis
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 650.9±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 167-169 °C(Solv: ethyl ether (60-29-7))
  • Flash Point: 347.4±31.5 °C

FIPRONIL-SULFONE

Fipronil sulfone is the major metabolite of Fipronil.Fipronil sulfone selectively inhibits?GABA receptor?with?IC50 of 175 nM (assayed by displacement of 4′-ethynyl-4-n-[2,3-3H2]- propylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) from the noncompetitive blocker site).

  • CAS Number: 120068-36-2
  • MF: C12H4Cl2F6N4O2S
  • MW: 453.147
  • Catalog: GABA Receptor
  • Density: 1.9±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 531.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 275.3±30.1 °C

HPV16 E7 86-93

HPV16 E7 (86-93) HLA-A2-restricted HPV type 16 E7 peptide[1].

  • CAS Number: 160212-93-1
  • MF: C37H66N8O10S
  • MW: 815.03
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

NBD-14189

NBD-14189 is a potent HIV-1 entry antagonist with an IC50 of 89 nM against the HIV-1HXB2 pseudovirus. NBD-14189 binds to HIV-1 gp120 and shows potent antiviral activity (EC50<200 nM)[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2234273-72-2
  • MF: C18H16F4N4O2S
  • MW: 428.40
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HJC0416 hydrochloride

HJC0416 hydrochloride is a potent and orally active STAT3 inhibitor with an enhanced anticancer profile than Stattic (HY-13818). HJC0416 hydrochloride is a promising anti-cancer agent for breast cancer study[1].

  • CAS Number: 2415263-08-8
  • MF: C18H18Cl2N2O4S
  • MW: 429.32
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

2-Bromo-22-dimethyl-acetamido-PEG3-acid

2-Bromo-22-dimethyl-acetamido-PEG3-acid is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

  • CAS Number: 2279944-67-9
  • MF: C13H24BrNO6
  • MW: 370.24
  • Catalog: PROTAC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

H-Cys-OEt.HCl

L-Cysteine ethyl ester HCl is a cysteine derivative[1].

  • CAS Number: 868-59-7
  • MF: C5H12ClNO2S
  • MW: 185.672
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.391 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 205.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 123-125 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 78.3ºC

SDF-1α (human) trifluoroacetate salt

SDF-1α (human) is a mononuclear cells chemoattractant that can bind to CXCR4. SDF-1α plays a central role in stem cell homing, retention, survival, proliferation, cardiomyocyte repair, angiogenesis and ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction. SDF-1α (human) can be used in cardiovascular disease research[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1268129-65-2
  • MF: C356H578N106O93S4
  • MW: 7959.43
  • Catalog: CXCR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

N6-(3-Methoxybenzyl)-2’-C-methyl adenosine

N6-(3-Methoxybenzyl)-2’-C-methyl adenosine is an adenosine analog. Adenosine analogs mostly act as smooth muscle vasodilators and have also been shown to inhibit cancer progression. Its popular products are adenosine phosphate, Acadesine (HY-13417), Clofarabine (HY-A0005), Fludarabine phosphate (HY-B0028) and Vidarabine (HY-B0277)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2305415-85-2
  • MF: C19H23N5O5
  • MW: 401.42
  • Catalog: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol

Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is an estrogen receptor agonist that can promote BMP-2-induced osteoblastogenesis. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol also exerts anti-inflammatory activity through inactivation of NF-κB pathways[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 4263-87-0
  • MF: C20H22O6
  • MW: 358.39
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.292g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 562ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 161-162℃
  • Flash Point: 293.7ºC

IlexgeninA

Ilexgenin A is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which extracted from Ilex hainanensis Merr. Ilexgenin A can be used for the research of inflammation and cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 108524-94-3
  • MF: C30H46O6
  • MW: 502.683
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 653.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 362.9±28.0 °C

Obatoclax (GX15-070)

Obatoclax (GX15-070), a BH3 mimetic, is a pan-BCL-2 family proteins inhibitor with a Ki of 220 nM for BCL-2[1][2]. Obatoclax induces autophagy-dependent cell death and targets cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation. Obatoclax has anti-cancer and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity[3][4].

  • CAS Number: 803712-67-6
  • MF: C20H19N3O
  • MW: 317.384
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 570.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 298.8±30.1 °C

AS2863619 free base

AS2863619 free base enables conversion of antigen-specific effector/memory T cells into Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells for the treatment of various immunological diseases. AS2863619 free base is a potent, orally active cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and CDK19 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.61 nM and 4.28 nM, respectively. STAT5 activation enhanced by AS2863619 free base inhibition of CDK8/19, which consequently activates the Foxp3 gene[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Keramamine A

Manzamine A, an orally active beta-carboline alkaloid, inhibits specifically GSK-3β and CDK-5 with IC50s of 10.2 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. Manzamine A targets vacuolar ATPases and inhibits Autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Manzamine A has antimalarial and anticancer activities. Manzamine A also shows potent activity against HSV-1[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 104196-68-1
  • MF: C36H44N4O
  • MW: 548.76100
  • Catalog: HSV
  • Density: 1.26g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 756.6ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 411.4ºC

A12-Iso5-4DC19

A12-Iso5-4DC19 is a linked lipid and exhibits anti-tumor immunity. A12-Iso5-4DC19 can facilitate mRNA delivery and be used for the research of RNA vaccines[1].

  • CAS Number: 2412492-20-5
  • MF: C47H85N3O2
  • MW: 724.20
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

H-His-Phe-OH

H-His-Phe-OH is adipeptide.

  • CAS Number: 16874-81-0
  • MF: C15H18N4O3
  • MW: 302.33
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.34 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 693.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 373.1ºC

Stigmastane-3,6-diol

6α-Hydroxysitostanol is a marker of sitostanol oxidation[1].

  • CAS Number: 112244-29-8
  • MF: C29H52O2
  • MW: 432.72
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 523.8±33.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 211.4±20.0 °C

AM-8553

A potent, selective, orally bioavailable MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor with HTRF IC50 of 1.1 nM, SJSA-1 EdU IC50 of 68 nM; exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy.

  • CAS Number: 1352064-70-0
  • MF: C25H29Cl2NO4
  • MW: 478.408
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 644.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 343.3±31.5 °C

2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-3-deaza-arabinouridine

2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-3-deaza-arabinouridine is a purine nucleoside analogue. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc[1].

  • CAS Number: 2095417-48-2
  • MF:
  • MW:
  • Catalog: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

3-O-Methylquercetin

3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ), a main constituent of Rhamnus nakaharai, inhibits total cAMP and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) of guinea pig trachealis. 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ) exhibits IC50 values of 31.9 μM, 86.9 μM, 18.6 μM and 1.6 μM for PDE1, PDE5, PDE2 and PDE4, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 1486-70-0
  • MF: C16H12O7
  • MW: 316.262
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 643.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 244.7±25.0 °C

3’-Deoxy-O6-methyl inosine

3’-Deoxy-O6-methyl inosine is a purine nucleoside analog. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc[1].

  • CAS Number: 945215-53-2
  • MF: C11H14N4O4
  • MW: 266.25
  • Catalog: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PF 3644022

PF-3644022 is a potent, selective, orally active and ATP-competitive MAPKAPK2 (MK2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.2 nM and a Ki of 3 nM. PF-3644022 also inhibits MK3 and p38 regulated/activated kinase (PRAK) with IC50s of 53 nM and 5.0 nM, respectively. PF-3644022 potently inhibits TNFα production and has anti-inflammatory effect[1].

  • CAS Number: 1276121-88-0
  • MF: C21H18N4OS
  • MW: 374.45900
  • Catalog: MAPKAPK2 (MK2)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

9H-Purin-6-amine,N-methyl-9-b-D-xylofuranosyl-

N6-Methyl-xylo-adenosine is an adenosine analog. Adenosine analogs mostly act as smooth muscle vasodilators and have also been shown to inhibit cancer progression. Its popular products are adenosine phosphate, Acadesine (HY-13417), Clofarabine (HY-A0005), Fludarabine phosphate (HY-B0028) and Vidarabine (HY-B0277)[1].

  • CAS Number: 65494-95-3
  • MF: C11H15N5O4
  • MW: 281.27
  • Catalog: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
  • Density: 1.85g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 649.1ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 346.3ºC

NH2-PEG9-acid

NH2-PEG9-acid is a non-cleavable 9 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].

  • CAS Number: 756526-04-2
  • MF: C19H39NO10
  • MW: 441.514
  • Catalog: ADC Linker
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 547.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 284.7±30.1 °C

DUPA(OtBu)-OH

DUPA(OtBu)-OH is a DUPA precursor. DUPA is used as the targeting moiety to actively deliver Docetaxel (DTX) for treatment of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) expressing prostate cancer.

  • CAS Number: 1026987-94-9
  • MF: C23H40N2O9
  • MW: 488.57
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A