Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with Ki of 4.6 nM, used for treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Target: SNRIsDuloxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Duloxetine is also considered a less potent inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. However, duloxetine has no significant affinity for dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, opioid, glutamate, and GABA receptors and can therefore be considered to be a selective reuptake inhibitor at the 5-HT and NA transporters. Duloxetine undergoes extensive metabolism, but the major circulating metabolites do not contribute significantly to the pharmacologic activity. Major depressive disorder is believed to be due in part to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system. Antidepressants including ones with a similar mechanism of action as duloxetine, i.e. serotonin metabolism inhibition, cause a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine activity and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines; this mechanism may apply to duloxetine in its effect on depression but research on cytokines specific to duloxetine therapy is lacking [1]. The analgesic properties of duloxetine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and central pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia are believed to be due to sodium ion channel blockade [2].
Imipramine hydrochloride inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM in vitro.
Wf-516 is an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, and an antagonist of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, with Ki of 5 nM and 40 nM for 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT2A receptor in humans, respectively, and has potent antidepressant activity.
A small molecule 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and inhibitor of serotonin and dopamine reuptake, also possess affinity for the α1A- and α1B-adrenergic receptors. Depression Phase 2 Clinical
Desvenlafaxine-d10 is deuterium labeled Desvenlafaxine. Desvenlafaxine, the succinate salt form of the isolated major active metabolite of Venlafaxine (HY-B0196), is an orally active and BBB penetrated 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 47.3 nM and 531.3 nM for hSERT and hNET, respectively. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter[1][2].
Nardoguaianone J, a guaiane-type compound, can be isolated from Nardostachys chinensis roots. Nardoguaianone J can enhance SERT activity[1][2].
Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with Ki of 0.89 nM.Target: SSRIsEscitalopram, the S-enantiomer of citalopram, belongs to a class of antidepressant agents known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram has no significant affinity for adrenergic (alpha1, alpha2, beta), cholinergic, GABA, dopaminergic, histaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT2), or benzodiazepine receptors; antagonism of such receptors has been hypothesized to be associated with various anticholinergic, sedative, and cardiovascular effects for other psychotropic drugs. The chronic administration of escitalopram is found to downregulate brain norepinephrine receptors, as has been observed with other drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Escitalopram does not inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Imipramine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Imipramine (hydrochloride). Imipramine hydrochloride inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride is reported to prevent the translocation of aSMase, inhibiting MV and exosomes secretion[1][2][3][4][5].
Milnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia.Target: SNRIMilnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Dalcipran, Toledomin) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia. It is not approved for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder in the USA, but it is in other countries.Milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in an approximately 1:3 ratio, respectively; in practical use this means a relatively balanced action upon bothneurotransmitters. Increasing both neurotransmitters concentration simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia. Milnacipran exerts no significant actions onH1, α1, D1, D2, and mACh receptors, as well as on benzodiazepine and opioid binding sites. Milnacipran is well absorbed after oral dosing and has a bioavailability of 85%. Meals do not have an influence on the rapidity and extent of absorption. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2 hours after oral dosing. The elimination half-life of 8 hours is not increased by liver impairment and old age, but by significant renal disease. Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
Tampramine fumarate is a potent, selective, noncompetitive NE reuptake inhibitor. Tampramine fumarate has antidepressant activity. Tampramine fumarate can be used in research of depression[1].
Dextromilnacipran (F2696; (1R,2S)-milnacipran), an enantiomer of milnacipran, is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine (5-HT/NE) reuptake inhibitor. Dextromilnacipran also is a human alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 3.4 μM. (patent WO2013014263A1).
Dasotraline hydrochloride (SEP-225289 hydrochloride) is a triple reuptake inhibitor that blocks dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters with IC50 values of 4, 6, and 11 nM, respectively.
Clomipramine HCl is a serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker with Ki of 0.14, 54 and 3 nM, respectively. Target: 5-HT ReceptorClomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) is a hydrochloride salt of clomipramine which is a serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker with Ki of 0.14, 54 and 3 nM, respectively. Clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant. Clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) is a norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor and is an antiobsessional drug. Clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) is an antagonist/inverse agonist at the following receptors: D2 receptor (Ki = 162 nM), D3 receptor (Ki = 30 nM), α1-adrenergic receptor (Ki = 3.2 nM), α2-adrenergic receptor (Ki = 525 nM), H1 receptor (Ki = 31 nM), mACh receptors (Ki = 37 nM), 5-HT2A receptor (Ki = 36 nM), 5-HT2C receptor (Ki = 65 nM), 5-HT3 receptor (Ki = 85 nM), 5-HT6 receptor (Ki = 54 nM), 5-HT7 receptor (Ki = 127 nM), D1 receptor (Ki = 219 nM) [1-3].
Duloxetine-d7 ((S)-Duloxetine-d7) is the deuterium labeled Duloxetine. Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with a Ki of 4.6 nM, used for treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)[1][2].
Adoxosidic acid is a SERT enhancer can be extracted from N. jatamansi and can be used in antidepressant research[1].
Dasotraline is a triple reuptake inhibitor that blocks dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters with IC50 values of 4, 6, and 11 nM, respectively.
SERT-IN-2 is a potent SERT inhibitor (IC50=0.58 nM) with promising anti-depression efficacy. SERT-IN-2 shows good bioavailability of 83.28% in rats. SERT-IN-2 can cross the blood-brain barrier[1].
DOV-216,303 (Free Base) is a potent triple serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 14 nM, 20 nM and 78 nM for hSERT, hNET and hDAT, respectively[1]. Has antidepressant-like effects and increases monoamine release in the prefrontal cortex of olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rats[2].
Pseudoisocyanine (iodide) is a pan inhibitor of monoamine transporters and organic cation transporters with antidepressant-like activity[1].
Paroxetine-d4 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Paroxetine (hydrochloride). Paroxetine hydrochloride is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an and has GRK2 inhibitory ability with IC50 of 14 μM. Paroxetine hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder[1][2][3].
Atomoxetine (Tomoxetine) is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor with Ki values of 5, 77 and 1451 nM for norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) transporters, respectively. Atomoxetine (Tomoxetine) increases of DAEX and NEEX in the PFC and enhances catecholaminergic neurotransmission. Atomoxetine (Tomoxetine) is a potent Na+ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Atomoxetine (Tomoxetine) can be used for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research[1][2][3].
Indatraline hydrochloride (Lu 19-005) is a non-selective monoamine transporter inhibitor that blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) with efficacy similar to cocaine. Indatraline hydrochloride can be used for the research of antidepressive. Indatraline hydrochloride induces autophagy while simultaneously inhibiting cell proliferation. Indatraline hydrochloride may also serve to direct the development of new agents for autophagy-related diseases such as atherosclerosis or restenosis[1].
Desvenlafaxine is a serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor with Ki of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM, respectively. Target: SSRIsDesvenlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is the active metabolite of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Similar to venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine inhibits the neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter. Desvenlafaxine inhibits [3H]5-HT or [3H]NE uptake for the hSERT or hNET with IC50 of 47.3 and 531.3 nM, respectively. Desvenlafaxine rapidly penetrates the male rat brain and hypothalamus. Desvenlafaxine significantly increases extracellular NE levels compared with baseline in the male rat hypothalamus but had no effect on DA levels using microdialysis [1]. Desvenlafaxine has the potential to inhibit CYP2D6, which could result in increased concentrations of drugs metabolized through this pathway. Induction of CYP3A4 is also possible with desvenlafaxine, which could impact the metabolism of drugs metabolized via this enzyme. Desvenlafaxine exhibits a linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetic single-dose profile in a dose range from 100 to 600 mg/day. The absolute bioavailability of the oral formulation is 80.5% [2].
Milnacipran-d10 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Milnacipran hydrochloride. Milnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia[1][2].
Centanafadine is dual norepinephrine (NE)/dopamine (DA) transporter inhibitor, also inhibits serotonin transporter, with IC50s of 6 nM, 38 nM and 83 nM for human NE, DA and serotonin transporter , respectively.
Doxepin HCl is a tricyclic antidepressant that is marketed worldwide.Target: SSRIsDoxepin inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and acts as a antagonist at various serotonergic, adrenergic, musacrinic, dopaminergic and histaminergic receptors [1]. In the doxepin-treated patients who completed the study (N = 20, 47.6+/-11.3), medication significantly increased sleep efficiency after acute (night 1, p < or = .001) and subchronic (night 28, p < or = .05) intake compared with the patients who received placebo (N = 20, 47.4+/-16.8 years of age). Doxepin to cause significantly (p < or = .05) better global improvement at the first day of treatment [2].
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class.Target: SNRIVenlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. First introduced by Wyeth in 1993, now marketed by Pfizer, it is licensed for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid indications in certain anxiety disorders with depression. In 2007, venlafaxine was the sixth most commonly prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market, with 17.2 million prescriptions.Venlafaxine is a bicyclic antidepressant, and usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It works by blocking the transporter "reuptake" proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitters in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin and norepinephrine. Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, with recent evidence showing that the norepinephrine transporter also transports some dopamine as well, since dopamine is inactivated by norepinephrine reuptake in the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex largely lacks dopamine transporters; therefore, venlafaxine can increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of the brain. Venlafaxine interacts with opioid receptors (mu-, kappa1- kappa3- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes) as well as the alpha2-adrenergic receptor, and was shown to increase pain threshold in mice. When mice were tested with a hotplate analgesia meter (to measure pain), both venlafaxine and mirtazapine induced a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect following intraperitoneal injection. These findings suggest venlafaxine's seemingly superior efficacy in severe depression as narcotics become increasingly used as a measure of last resort for refractory cases.
Sertraline hydrochloride is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.Target: SSRISertraline is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991. Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive–compulsive, panic, and social anxiety disorders in both adults and children. In 2011, it was the second-most prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market, with 37,208,000 prescriptions.Sertraline is used for a number of conditions including: major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), panic disorder and social phobia (social anxiety disorder). It has also been used for premature ejaculation and vascular headaches but evidence of the effectiveness in treating those conditions is less robust.