Valechlorine, a autophagy enhancer, breaks down lipid droplets. Valechlorine reduces oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation in an Atg5-dependent manner[1].
LY2562175 is a potent and selective FXR agonist with an EC50 of 193 nM.
1-Hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone is a metabolite of xanthone that can be found in Halenia elliptica D. Don[1].
D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar.
Distearoylphosphatidylserine (DSPS) acts as a monolayer. Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid with a polar serine found in phosphoester linkage to diacylglycerol[1].
WS-3 is an agonist of TRPM8 with an EC50 of 3.7 μM.
Verapamil ((±)-Verapamil) is a calcium channel blocker and a potent and orally active first-generation P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Verapamil also inhibits CYP3A4. Verapamil has the potential for high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias and angina treatment[1][2][3].
Palmitic acid-13C sodium is the 13C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells[1][2].
Acetoacetic acid sodium salt is a metabolite of non-esterified fatty acids, involved in the development of human diabetes. Acetoacetic acid sodium salt induces oxidative stress to inhibit the assembly of very low density lipoprotein in bovine hepatocytes[1].
2-Methylthio-ATP tetrasodium is a non-specific P2-receptor agonist. 2-Methylthio-ATP tetrasodium causes noncompetitive inhibition of ADP-induced human platelet aggregation[1].
NSC-609249 hydrochloride is an impurity of Verapamil (HY-14275). Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker and a potent and orally active first-generation P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor[1][2].
LD-ATTEC3 is a lipid droplet-binding compound that can be used in the study of lipid metabolism-related diseases[1].
Guanidine HCl, the crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine, is a normal product of protein metabolism and a protein denaturant.Target: OthersGuanidine HCl is the most popular protein denaturant. Analysis of unfolding transitions by Guanidine HCl provides several important parameters regarding the mechanism of conformational stability of proteins. Guanidine HCl at low concentrations refolds acid-unfolds apomyoglobin and cytochrome c, stabilizing the molten globule state. Guanidine HCl (> 1 M) causes co-operative unfolding of the molten globule state [1]. Guanidine HCl at millimolar concentrations, is able to causes efficient loss of the normally stable [PSI+] element from yeast cells. 5 mM Guanidine HCl in growth media cures [PSI+] and other prions of yeast. 5 mM Guanidine HCl significantly reduces Hsp104-mediated basal and acquired thermotolerance by 30-fold and 50 fold, respectively. Guanidine HCl also reduces the ability of Hsp104 to restore activity of thermally denatured luciferase [2].
Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions, such as decreasing platelet aggregation and ameliorating Alzheimer disease.
Mitoquinone mesylate is a TPP-based, mitochondrially targeted antioxidant.
L-157012 is a HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor. L-157012 is also a cholesterol-lowering agent[1].
L-Asparagine monohydrate ((-)-Asparagine monohydrate) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.
GKA50 is a potent glucokinase activator (EC50=33 nM at 5 mM glucose). GKA50 stimulates insulin release from mouse islets of Langerhans and MIN6 cells. GKA50 shows significant glucose lowering in high fat fed female rats[1][2].
8-Azido-ATP, a photoreactable nucleotide analog, is useful for the identification of proteins, such as DNA-dependent RNA polymerase[1].
SR12813 is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, with an IC50 value of 0.85 μM.
Glycodehydrocholic acid is a bile acid glycine conjugate. Glycodehydrocholic acid is used to diagnose cancer and other diseases[1][2].
(E)-Ligustilide is isolated from Angelica sinensis and has nephroprotective effects[1]。
BTI-A-404 is a potent, selective and competitive inverse agonist of human GPR43. BTI-A-404 can be used for the research of inflammation, obesity and type 2 diabetes[1].
PTUPB is a novel dual acting COX-2/sEH inhibitor with IC50 of 1.26 uM/0.9 nM,does not inhibits COX-1 (IC50>100 uM); reduces kidney injury parameters, decreases inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ZDF rats; exhibits more effective than the same dose of either COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) or sEH inhibitor (t-AUCB) alone, shows in vivo antiallodynic activity in vivo; also suppresses glioblastoma growth by targeting EGFR and hyaluronan mediated motility receptor, potentiates the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin.
Erdosteine inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation.
7(R)-7,8-Dihydrosinomenine, a isoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Sinomenium acutum (Menispermaceae), possesses anti-osteoclastogenic effect[1].
Diethyl succinate-d4 is the deuterium labeled Diethyl succinate[1]. Diethyl succinate (Diethyl Butanedioate) is used at physiological pH and crosses biological membranes, incorporates into cells in tissue culture and is metabolized by the TCA cycle. Diethyl succinate is known to be non-toxic and used in fragrances and flavoring[2].
PF 750 is a selective and covalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, with IC50s varied from 16.2-595 nM in different pre-incubation times. Covalently modifies the enzyme’s active site serine nucleophile[1].
4-Pentenoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
RG-12525 is a a specific, competitive and orally effective antagonist of the peptidoleukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, inhibiting LTC4-, LTD4- and LTE4-inducd guinea pig parenchymal strips contractions, with IC50s of 2.6 nM, 2.5 nM and 7 nM, respectively; RG-12525 is also a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist with IC50 of appr 60 nM and a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, with a Ki value of 0.5 µM.