(-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone (Garcinia lactone) is an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone is a potent inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, limits the availability of acetyl-CoA units required for fatty acid synthesis[1][2].
Hippuric Acid, an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food.
TFAP is a selective cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.8 μM.
Fructosyl amino acid oxidase can be used to measure glycosylated protein. Glycosylated protein, especially glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, is an important marker to evaluate the efficacy of diabetes treatment[1].
Uridine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt is a potent, selective P2Y6 receptor native agonist (EC50=300 nM; pEC50=6.52) and a potent P2Y14 antagonist (pEC50=7.28). Uridine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt, an endogenous metabolite, catalyzes the glucuronidation of a wide array of substrates and is used in nucleic acid (RNA) biosynthesis[1][2].
ZW290 is a compound to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function. ZW290 increases the expression of uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) protein and inhibits ATP synthesis in BAT[1].
Phenylpropiolic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
SGL5213 is a potent, oral active and low-absorbable sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 29 nM and 20 nM for hSGLT1 and hSGLT2, respectively. SGL5213 has potential to treat type 2 diabetes treatment[1].
E-5324 is potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with IC50s of 44 to 190 nM.
GW-803430 (GW-3430) is a potent and selective melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH R1) antagonist with a pIC50 of 9.3. GW-803430 is orally active in an animal model of obesity[1].
Mitochondria modulator-1 is a mitochondrial regulator that stimulates mitochondrial ATP production. Mitochondria modulator-1 has good oral bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and good plasma stability. Mitochondria modulator-1 has the potential to study mitochondrial diseases[1].
Malabaricone C is a natural sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) inhibitor with IC50s of 3 and 1.5 μM for SMS 1 and 2, respectively[1].
L-Glutamine-5-13C (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide-5-13C) is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamine. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].
2'-Deoxyguanosine-d2 monohydrate is the deuterium labeled 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate. 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate is an endogenous metabolite[1].
Urolithin C, a gut-microbial metabolite of Ellagic acid, is a glucose-dependent activator of insulin secretion. Urolithin C is a L-type Ca2+ channel opener and enhances Ca2+ influx. Urolithin C induces cell apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway and also stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation[1][2].
L-Tryptophan-13C11,15N2 (Tryptophan-13C11,15N2) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled L-Tryptophan. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].
Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid) hemicalcium is a natural, ubiquitously in plant seeds substance and can used be as an agent stimulating cellular respiration. Vitamin B15 hemicalcium contains D-gluconodimethyl amino acetic acid. Vitamin B15 hemicalcium is also a immune-correcting agent[1][2]. Vitamin B15 hemicalcium can be used for wide range of diseases.
Oxyresveratrol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 29.75 μM[1].
Tetradecanedioic acid-d24 is the deuterium labeled Tetradecanedioic acid[1]. Tetradecanedioic acid is an endogenous metabolite and belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Tetradecanedioic acid can act as a candidate biomarker for organic anion-transporting polypeptide mediated drug-drug interactions[2].
β-Alanine-13C3,15N (2-Carboxyethylamine-13C3,15N) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled β-Alanine. β-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is shown to be metabolized into carnosine, which functions as an intracellular buffer.
Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.
Vildagliptin carboxylic acid metabolite (M20.7) TFA is a potent P450 enzyme activity inhibitor[1].
Nicotinamide riboside malate, an orally active NAD+ precursor, increases NAD+ levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3. Nicotinamide riboside malate is a source of vitamin B3 (niacin) and enhances oxidative metabolism, protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities[1]. Nicotinamide riboside malate reduces cognitive deterioration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease[2].
L-Ornithine L-aspartate is a stable salt of two natural nonessential L-amino acids: ornithine and aspartic acid. L-Ornithine L-aspartate lowers blood ammonia concentration and to eliminate symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy associated with liver cirrhosis[1].
Cytidine 5′-monophosphate-13C9,15N3 (5'-Cytidylic acid-13C9,15N3 dilithium; 5'-CMP-13C9,15N3) dilithium is 13C and 15N-labeled Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (HY-W009162). Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide which is used as a monomer in RNA. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate consists of the nucleobase cytosine, the pentose sugar ribose, and the phosphate group.
Platycodin D is a saponin isolated from Platycodi Radix, acts as an activator of AMPKα, with anti-obesity property[1].
Hydroxocobalamin acetate is an injectable naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 with a favorable adverse effect profile, used as a dietary supplement in the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia[1][2].
KY-226 (KY226) is a potent, allosteric, orally active inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 of 0.28 uM (human PTP1B), does not exhibit PPARγ agonist activity; shows no effects on adipocyte differentiation in rodent preadipocytes at 10 uM, bot not the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone; increases the phosphorylated insulin receptor (pIR) produced by insulin in human hepatoma-derived cells (HepG2) at 0.310 uM, significantly reduces plasma glucose and triglyceride levels as well as hemoglobin A1c values without increasing body weight gain in db/db mice, exerts anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects by enhancing insulin and leptin signaling.
SB-435495 is a potent, orally active inhibitor of Lp-PLA2 with IC50 of 0.06 nM; inhibits the enzyme in whole human plasma with IC50 of 3 nM; shows little interaction with other CYP450 enzymes (CYP450 IC50: 1A2>100 mM, 2C9>100 uM, 2C19>40 uM, 2D6=37 uM); effectively suppresses BRB breakdown in streptozotocin-diabetic Brown Norway rats,. Atherosclerosis Phase 2 Discontinued
Witepsol is a selective lipid-based vehicle for use in drug delivery systems[1].