L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentalithium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedo synaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes[1][2].
Amitriptyline is a common oral anticholinergic. Amitriptylinehas anticholinergic properties. Amitriptyline can be used to quantifyanticholinergic adverse reactions in patients taking amitriptyline and placebo[1].
Lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II) is a sialyl-Lewis, hapten of human Lewis bloodgroup determinant. Lacto-N-fucopentaose II monosialo-ganglioside/glycolipid and sialyl derivative, CA 19-9, is a molecular tumour markers (TM) for biliopancreatic malignancy[1].
Formic acid-d5 (ammonium salt) is the deuterium labeled Formic acid ammonium salt[1]. Formic acid ammonium salt is an endogenous metabolite.
3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
3α-Akebonoic acid is a α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.035 mM. 3α-Akebonoic acid shows antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity[1].
H-Trp-Glu-OH is a selective, reversible and cell-permeable PPARγ with a Kd of ~8 µM. H-Trp-Glu-OH might be developed as a possible lead compound in diabetes research[1].
BM 15766 sulfate is an inhibitor of 7-dehydrocholesterol δ7-reductase and reduces plasma cholesterol levels. BM 15766 sulfate is a hypolipidemic agent[1][2].
MK-0941 is a potent, orally active and allosteric glucokinase activator, with EC50s of 240 and 65 nM for recombinant human glucokinase in the presence of 2.5 and 10 mM glucose, respectively. MK-0941 has potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes[1].
GLP-2(3-33), generated naturally by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV), acts as a partial agonist on GLP-2 receptor (EC50=5.8 nM)[1][2].
GNF2133 is a selective DYRK1A inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6 nM.
Mecasermin (Human IGF-I; FK 780) is a recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Mecasermin has the potential for the study of the growth failure of growth hormone (GH) insensitivity caused by GH receptor defects or GH-inhibiting antibodies[1].
Linoleic acid-13C18 is the 13C labeled Linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is a common polyunsaturated (PUFA) found in plant-based oils, nuts and seeds. Linoleic acid is a part of membrane phospholipids, and functions as a structural component to maintain a certain level of membrane fluidity of the transdermal water barrier of the epidermis. Linoleic acid induces red blood cells and hemoglobin damage via oxidative mechanism [1][2].
yGsy2p-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor for yeast glycogen synthase 2 (yGsy2p). yGsy2p-IN-1 is a competitive human glycogen synthase 1 (hGYS1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.75 µM and a Ki of 1.31 µM for wild-type hGYS1. yGsy2p-IN-H23 a pyrazole inhibitor, is used for glycogen storage diseases (GSDs)[1].
JZP-430 is a potent, highly selective, irreversible inhibitor of α/β-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) with an IC50 of 44 nM, exhibits ~230-fold selectivity over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and lysosomal acid lipase (LAL)[1].
Adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate is a 2',3'-cyclic purine nucleotide. Adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate can be degrade to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP[1][2].
1'-Hydroxy bufuralol, the main metabolite of bufuralol, can reflect CYP2D activity[1].
GW6340 is an intestinal-specific LXR agonist. GW6340 promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (mRCT)[1].
Biliatresone is a natural toxin isolated from Dysphania glomulifera and D. littoralis. Biliatresone, a 1,2-diaryl-2-propenone class of isoflavonoid, produces extrahepatic biliary atresia in a zebrafish model[1].
Plafibride (ITA 104) is an orally active hypolipemic, platelet aggregation inhibitor[1][2].
1-Methylinosine is a modified nucleotide found at position 37 in tRNA 3' to the anticodon of eukaryotic tRNA[1].
Worenine is isolated from Coptis chinensis. Worenine in rat shows dehydrogenization, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, and demethylene reactions in phase I metabolism. The phase II metabolism sulfation and glucuronidation reactions[1].
Proinsulin C-peptide (human) is a 31-amino-acid peptide that links the A and B chains of proinsulin, ensuring its correct folding, which is biologically active and modulates cellular function [1].
SCO-267 is an allosteric GPR40 full agonist. SCO-267 can be used for the research of chronic diseases including diabetes[1].
CYP4A11/CYP4F2-IN-2 (compound 15) is an orally available inhibitor of CYP4A11/4F2 with IC50s of 120 nM and 220 nM, respectively. CYP4A11/CYP4F2-IN-2 inhibits 20-HETE production in rat kidney and has potential inhibitory effects on diabetic nephropathy and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease[1].
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, a hydrolase, is involved in the sphingomyelin metabolism process. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes the conversion of sphingomyelin to phosphocholine and ceramide. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase also plays an important role in cellular differentiation, various immune and inflammatory responses, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking and metabolism[1][2].
Ganomycin I is a dual inhibitor of α-Glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase. Ganomycin I can also inhibits HIV protease. Ganomycin I exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-osteoclastogenesis effects[1][2].
Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 (compound 19a) is an orally active and potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.039 μM. Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 exhibits hypouricemic potency in potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia rats. Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 can be used for hyperuricemia and gout research[1].
Denufosol tetrasodium (INS37217) is a long-acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, which exhibits an EC50 of ~10 μM for P2Y2 receptor activation[1].