Tacrine hydrochloride hydrate is an inhibitor of both acetyl (AChE) and butyryl-cholinestrase (BChE) with IC50s of 31 nM and 25.6 nM, respectively.
HEPPS (EPPS) is a buffering agent with the useful pH range from 7.3 ~ 8.7. HEPPS reduces Aβ-aggregate-induced memory deficits and rescues cognitive deficits in mice. EPPS is orally active and penetrates the blood-brain barrier[1].
Felbamate hydrate (FBM) is a potent nonsedative anticonvulsant whose clinical effect may be related to the inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) .Target: NMDA ReceptorFelbamate (marketed under the brand name Felbatol by MedPointe) is an anti-epileptic drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is used to treat partial seizures (with and without generalization) in adults and partial and generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children. However, an increased risk of potentially fatal aplastic anemia and/or liver failure limit the drugs usage to severe refractory epilepsy.Felbamate has been proposed to a unique dual mechanism of action as a positive modulator of GABAA receptors and as a blocker of NMDA receptors, particularly isoforms containing the NR2B subunit. Although it is clear that felbamate does cause pharmacological inhibition of NMDA receptor of relevance of NMDA receptor blockade as a strategy for the treatment of human epilepsy has been questioned. Therefore, the importance of the effects of felbamate on NMDA receptors to its therapeutic action in epilepsy is uncertain.
NMDA receptor modulator 5 (Compound 195) is a potent NMDA receptor modulator. NMDA receptor modulator 5 can be used for neurological disorder research[1].
Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic (PFN-α) is cell-permeable and active-form p53 inhibitor. Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic is one order magnitude more active than Pifithrin-α in protecting cortical neurons exposed to Etoposide (ED50=30 nM). Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic behaves as a p53 posttranscriptional activity inhibitor. Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic do not prevent p53 phosphorylation on the S15 residue[1][2].
Norbergenin, the O-demethyl derivative of bergenin, shows moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 13 μM in DPPH radical scavenging; 32 μM in superoxide anion scavenging)[1].
UCSF924 is a potent and specific dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) partial agonist with a EC50 of 4.2 nM. UCSF924 has a high-affinity with a Ki value of 3 nM for DRD4 and shows no measurable affinity for D2, D3 or the F261V/L328F D4 mutant. UCSF924 is a 7.4-fold bias toward arrestin over Gαi/o signaling, referenced to quinpirole[1].
PAOPA, an analog of L-proline-l-leucine-glycine amide (PLG) peptide, is an allosteric modulator of Dopamine D2 Receptor. PAOPA can effectively reduce behavioral abnormalities in rodent models of schizophrenia. PAOPA increases the high affinity dopamine D2 receptor and promotes its binding to agonists[1].
Etilevodopa (L-Dopa ethyl ester), an ethyl-ester prodrug of Levodopa, is rapidly hydrolyzed to Levodopa and ethanol by nonspecific esterases in the gastrointestinal tract. Etilevodopa is used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). Levodopa is the direct precursor of dopamine and is a suitable prodrug as it facilitates CNS penetration and delivers dopamine[1][2][3].
TCN 213 is a selective, surmountable, glycine-dependentlly GluN1/GluN2A NMDAR antagonist with IC50s of 0.55, 3.5, 40 μM in the presence of 75, 750, 7500 nM glycine, respectively. TCN 213 can be used to monitor, pharmacologically, the switch in NMDAR expression in developing cortical neurones[1][2].
Dexmedetomidine ((+)-Medetomidine) is a potent, selective and orally active agonist of α2-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 1.08 nM. Dexmedetomidine shows 1620-fold selectivity against α1-adrenoceptor. Dexmedetomidine exhibits anxiolysis, sedation, and modest analgesia effects[1][2][3].
YS 035 hydrochloride is a Ca2+ antagonist on cellular uptake and mitochondrial efflux of calcium ions. YS 035 hydrochloride inhibits Ca2+ uptake by muscle cells and inhibits Na+/Ca2+ exchange (Ki=28 µM). YS 035 hydrochloride is a useful tool for research on the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport[1].
CYT-1010 is a mu-opioid receptor agonist extracted from patent WO2013173730A2, with EC50s of 13.1 nM and 0.0053 nM on beta-arrestin recruitment and inhibition of cAMP production, respectively[1].
Enoxaparin (PK 10169), a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) derivative. Enoxaparin exerts anticoagulant activity through antithrombin III, an endogenous inhibitor of factor Xa and thrombin IIa. Enoxaparin protect the rat hippocampus against TBI (traumatic brain injury) via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Enoxaparin can be used for the research of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, TBI and COVID-19[1][2][3].
PD180970 is a highly potent and ATP-competitive p210Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 nM for inhibiting the autophosphorylation of p210Bcr-Abl. PD180970 also inhibits Src and KIT kinase with IC50s of 0.8 nM and 50 nM, respectively. PD180970 indcues apoptosis of K562 leukemic cells, and can be used for chronic myelogenous leukemia research[1][2][3].
Estradiol (β-Estradiol) hemihydrate is a steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Estradiol (β-Estradiol) hemihydrate can up-regulate the expression of neural markers of human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and promote their neural differentiation. Estradiol (β-Estradiol) hemihydrate can be used for the research of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering[1][2].
Terodiline hydrochloride is an M1-selective muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with Kbs of 15, 160, 280, and 198 nM in rabbit vas deferens (M1), atria (M2), bladder (M3) and ileal muscle (M3), respectively. Terodiline hydrochloride also is a Ca2+ blocker. Terodiline hydrochloride acts as a treatment for urinary frequency and urge incontinence[1].
Almorexant(ACT078573) is a potent and competitive dual orexin 1 receptor (OX1)/orexin 2 receptor (OX2) antagonist with Ki values of 1.3 and 0.17 nM for OX1 and OX2, respectively.IC50 value: 1.3/0.7 nM(OX1/OX2 receptor) [1] [2]Target: Dual OX!/OX2 receptorin vitro: [(3)H]Almorexant bound to a single saturable site on hOX(1) and hOX(2) with high affinity (K(d) of 1.3 and 0.17 nM, respectively. In Schild analyses using the [(3)H]inositol phosphates assay, almorexant acted as a competitive antagonist at hOX(1) and as a noncompetitive-like antagonist at hOX(2). In binding kinetic analyses, [(3)H]almorexant had fast association and dissociation rates at hOX(1), whereas it had a fast association rate and a remarkably slow dissociation rate at hOX(2) [1]. in vivo: During the 12-h dark period after dosing, ALM(Almorexant) exacerbated cataplexy in TG mice and increased nonrapid eye movement sleep with heightened sleep/wake fragmentation in both genotypes. ALM showed greater hypnotic potency in WT mice than in TG mice. The 100 mg/kg dose conferred maximal promotion of cataplexy in TG mice and maximal promotion of REM sleep in WT mice. In TG mice, ALM (30 mg/ kg) paradoxically induced a transient increase in active wakefulness [3]. Almorexant 200 mg showed significantly less 'Drug Liking' than both zolpidem doses (p < 0.01), and almorexant 400 mg had smaller effects than zolpidem 20 mg (p < 0.05), while almorexant 1,000 mg was not different from either zolpidem dose [4].
N-Acetylcysteine amide is a cell membranes and blood brain barrier permeant thiol antioxidant and neuroprotective agent.
VU0467485 (VU-0467485, AZ13713945) is potent, selective, and orally bioavailable muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M4) positive allosteric modulator with EC50 of 78.8 nM (hM4); possesses robust in vitro M4 PAM potency across species and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia.
VU 0361737 is a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for mGlu4 receptor with EC50 of 240 nM and 110 nM at human and rat receptors, respectively, displays weak activity at mGlu5 and mGlu8 receptors, is inactive at mGlu1, mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors.IC50 value: 110 nM (EC50, for rat ), 240 nM (EC50, for human)Target: mGlu4in vitro: VU0361737 is inactive at mGlu1, mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors and displays weak activity at mGlu5 and mGlu8 receptors. [3]in vivo: VU0361737 shows high in vivo CL in rat, a short half-life (T1/2 20 min), and demonstrates significant brain exposure (brain-to-plasma ratio of 4.1). [3]
BPAM344 is a kainate receptor (KAR) subunits GluK1b, GluK2a, and GluK3a positive allosteric modulator (PAM)[1].
TCN 201 is a potent, selective and non-competitive antagonist of GluN1/GluN2A NMDAR. TCN 201 antagonism is dependent on the GluN1-agonist concentration. TCN 201 allows pharmacological identification of native GluN2A-containing NMDAR populations[1].
(±)-Tazifylline is a potent, selective and long-acting histamine H1 receptor antagonist.
Nisoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of noradrenaline transporter (NET), with a Kd of 0.76 nM. Nisoxetine is an antidepressant and local anesthetic, it can block voltage-gated sodium channels[1][2][3].
VU0357017 hydrochloride is a highly selective M1 agonists that appear to act at an allosteric site to activate the receptor (EC50 = 477 ± 172 nM; pEC50 = 6.37 ± 0.15).IC50 value: 477 ± 172 nM (EC50) [1]Target: M1in vitro: VU0357017 is a M1-selective agonists that appear to activate M1 through actions at an allosteric site. Ki values of VU0357017 derived from competition binding experiment is 9.91(rM1), 21.4 (rM2), 55.3 (rM3), 35 (rM4), and 50 (rM5), respectively. [1] VU0357017 is a potent and efficacious M1 agonist, selective versus M2 M5 family members and allosteric agonist. VU0357017 is a highly selective M1 agonist suggests that these compounds are unlikely to act at the highly conserved orthosteric site on M1 and are more likely to act as allosteric agonists. [2] VU0357017 has robust effects on M1-activation of calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation but have little effect on β-arrestin recruitment. VU0357017 induces calcium release and ERK phosphorylation but is without effects on β-arrestin recruitment. VU0357017 significantly enhances threshold Θ-burst LTP and VU0364572 induces LTD at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse of rodent hippocampal slices. [3]in vivo: VU0357017 has robust efficacy in improving hippocampal-dependent learning in rats. VU0357017 enhances performance in Morris water maze and contextual fear conditioning in rats. [3]
LY2979165 is a mGlu2 agonist, which is a novel potent agent that is used as anti-depressants.IC50 Value:Target: mGluR
Ocinaplon (DOV 273547) is a partial GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator with relatively high efficacy at the α1 subunit[1].
μ opioid receptor agonist 3 (compound 20) is a potent μ opioid receptor (µOR) agonist with an EC50 of 0.87 nM. μ opioid receptor agonist 3 has the potential for pain and neuropsychiatric indications research[1].
Salsolinol-1-carboxylic acid is an endogenous alkaloid in the central nervous system (CNS)[1].