Citrinin is a mycotoxin which causes contamination in the food and is associated with different toxic effects. Citrinin is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, Ochratoxin A. Citrinin is also reported to possess a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and potential anticancer and neuro-protective effects in vitro[1][2].
Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections.Target: AntifungalFluconazole is a triazole antifungal intended for oral treatment of superficial and systemic mycoses. In tests done in standard mycological media, the compound had minimal inhibitory concentrations against pathogenic Candida species that were usually in excess of 100 mg/l. Fluconazole inhibited branching and hyphal development in C. albicans at concentrations as low as 10(-6) M (0.3 mg/l), but miconazole and ketoconazole were still active in these tests at concentrations 100 times lower than this [1]. Oral fluconazole was not associated with a significantly increased risk of birth defects overall or of 14 of the 15 specific birth defects of previous concern. Fluconazole exposure may confer an increased risk of tetralogy of Fallot [2]. Fluconazole is predicted to be ineffective against Cryptococcus gattii in the koala as a sole therapeutic agent administered at 10 mg/kg p.o. every 12 h [3].Clinical indications: Balanitis; Candida infection; Cryptococcus infection; Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis; Dermatomycosis; Female genital tract infection; Fungal infection; Fungal respiratory tract infection; Fungal urinary tract infection; Prophylaxis; Tinea capitis; Tinea corporis; Tinea cruris; Tinea pedis .Toxicity: Symptoms of overdose include hallucinations and paranoid behavior.
Ethyl Vanillate is a fungicidal agent. Ethyl Vanillate inhibits 17β-HSD2 with an IC50 1.3 µM[1][2].
Triflumizole is one of imidazole fungicides that works by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, and is widely used for the control of powdery mildew and scabs on various fruits and crops[1].
Terconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication for the treatment of vaginal yeast infection.
Asperfuran is an antifungal dihydrobenzofuran derivative produced by a strain of Aspergillus oryzae. Asperfuran weakly inhibits chitin synthase from Coprinus cinereus. Asperfuran shows weak cytotoxicity In HeLa S3 and L1210 cells with an IC50 of 25 μg/ml[1].
Bactenecin is a cyclic antimicrobial peptide isolated from bovine neutrophils with potent activity against Bacterial and Fungal species.
Septacidin is an adenine nucleoside antibiotic with antifungal and antitumor activities[1].
Dihydrochelerythrine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal activity.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Dihydrochelerythrine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 98.32% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/mL. Dihydrochelerythrine inhibited spore germination in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner [1]. Dihydrochelerythrine appeared to be less cytotoxic since the viability of cells exposed to 20 microM dihydrochelerythrine for 24h was reduced only to 53%. A dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and necrosis by chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine was confirmed by annexin V/propidium iodide dual staining flow cytometry [2]. Dihydrochelerythrine (4) exhibited strong activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SK1 and moderate activity against Escherichia coli TISTR 780 with MIC values of 8 and 16 μg/mL, respectively [3].
Myxothiazol, an antifungal antibiotic, is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III (bc1 complex) inhibitor. Myxothiazol inhibits the growth of many yeasts and fungi at concentrations between 0.01 and 3 μg/ml[1][2].
Deacetylnomilin can be isolated from Citrus reticulata and has antibacterial and antifungal activity. Deacetylnomilin is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 0.005 ug/mL against estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cells[1][2].
Oosponol is a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor exhibiting hypotensive effects.Oospongol has strong antifungal activity against many antagonistic fungi[1][2].
3-Oxobetulin, an antifungal agent, shows antifungal activities against white rot fungus L. betulina and the brown rot fungus L. sulphureus[1].
Chitin synthase inhibitor 13 (compound 12g) is a non-competitive inhibitor of chitin synthase, with an IC50 of 106.7 μM. Chitin synthase inhibitor 13 exhibits a broad-spectrum of antifungal activity[1].
Glyceryl 1-monooctanoate is a glycerol monolaurate derivative. Glyceryl 1-monooctanoate is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, suppresses the growth of pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis), as well as Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria[1].
Hepcidin-20 (human) is a histidine-containing, cysteine-rich, β-sheet structured peptide. Hepcidin-20 (human) shows antifungal activity. Hepcidin-20 (human) inhibits biofilm formation and bacterial cell metabolism of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-positive and PIA-negative strains[1][2][3].
VT-1598 is a potent, high-affinity, oral inhibitor of fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51B) with Kd of 13 nM; is more selective for fungal CYP51 than related human CYP enzymes such as CYP3A4; exhibits excellent potency against yeast, dermatophyte, and mold fungal pathogens.
Posaconazole hydrate is a broad-spectrum, second generation, triazole compound with antifungal activity.
Furalaxyl (CGA 38140) is a potent fungicide. Furalaxyl is highly selective to fungi of the order of the Peronosporales[1][2].
Galanolactone is a natural product that can be isolated from the seeds of Alpinia galanga. Galanolactone shows antifungal activitie. Galanolactone shows cytotoxicity against KB cells with an EC50 of 38.5 µg/ml[1].
Chaetosemin J, an antifungal metabolite, exhibits inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Gibberella saubinettii, with MIC values ranging from 12.5-25 μM[1].
Triadimefon is a triazole fungicide used to control powdery mildew, rusts, and other fungal pests on grains, fruit and vegetable crops, turf, shrubs, and trees. Triadimefon inhibits lanosterol 14α-demethylase, interfering with oxidative demethylation reactions in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway of fungi, and also blocks gibberellin biosynthesis.
Buclosamide is a topical antimycotic agent[1].
Antibacterial agent 67 (IC50 = 0.03 μM) has a great enzyme-inhibiting activity increase toward succinate dehydrogenase in comparison with fluxapyroxad (IC50 = 4.40 μM).
Tribenuron-methyl-d3 is a deuterated labeled Tribenuron-methyl. Tribenuron-methyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide agent, can be used as the fungicide agent. Tribenuron-methyl plays an important role in controlling the weeds and diseases in wheat field[1].
Kresoxim-methyl (BAS 490 F), a Strobilurin-based fungicide, inhibits the respiration at the complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex). Kresoxim-methyl binds to complex III from yeast with an apparent Kd of 0.07 μM proving a high affinity for this enzyme[1][2].
Batzelladine D (Compound 1) is an inhibitor of the catalytic and functional activity of Pdr5p transporter. Batzelladine D inhibits Pdr5p ATPase activity with an IC50 of 7.1 µM. Batzelladine D shows antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antibacterial and antitumoral activities[1].
Tetramycin (Tetramycin A) is an antifungal active substance of strain BS-112. Tetramycin inhibits Aspergillus flavus with the MFC (minimum fugicide concentration) is 3.13 μg/mL[1].
Tolindate is a potent PXR agonist with an EC50 value of 8.3 µM. Tolindate shows antifungal activity[1][2].