Combretastatin A-1 phosphate (OXi-4503) tetrasodium, a prodrug of Combretastatin A-1, is a microtubule polymerization inhibitor that binds to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Combretastatin A-1 phosphate tetrasodium inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through tubulin depolymerization mediated AKT deactivation. Combretastatin A-1 phosphate tetrasodium exhibits anti-tumor and anti-vascular effects[1][2][3].
KX2-391 (dihydrochloride) is an inhibitor of Src that targets the peptide substrate site of Src, with GI50 of 9-60 nM in cancer cell lines.
Ombrabulin is a derivative of CA-4 phosphate, which is known to exhibit antivascular effects through selective disruption of the tubulin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells.
Lexibulin(CYT-997) is a potent tubulin polymerisation inhibitor with IC50 of 10-100 nM in cancer cell lines; with potent cytotoxic and vascular disrupting activity in vitro and in vivo.IC50 value: 10-100 nM(cell assay) [1]Target: tubulin polymerisation inhibitor in vitro: CYT997 prevented the in vitro polymerization of tubulin with an IC50 of ～3 μmol/L (compared with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 2 μmol/L for colchicine under identical conditions) as determined using the conventional turbidimetric assay for tubulin polymerization. CYT997 was also capable of reversibly disrupting the microtubule network in cells, visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Thus, treatment of A549 cells with CYT997 (1 μmol/L) lead to the rapid reorganization of microtubules, including the destruction of the existing microtubule network and accumulation of tubulin in plaques within the cytoplasm of some cells. After 24 hours, major alterations in cell morphology were evident, including loss of adhesion and cell rounding. The effect of 1 hour of treatment with CYT997 was reversible and cells rapidly recovered their normal microtubule architecture. Taken together, the data indicates that CYT997 belongs to the class of anticancer agents that disrupt, rather than stabilize, tubulin-containing structures. Although vehicle-treated cells show 15% and 19% in G2-M phase at 15 and 24 hours (respectively), cells treated with CYT997 (1 μmol/L) had 38% and 43% of cells in G2-M at the same time points. Furthermore, at 24 hours post-CYT997 treatment, only 66% of total cells were in the G1, S, and G2-M phases, which suggests that cells blocked at the G2-M boundary do not exit back to G1, as in the normal cell cycle, but most likely are driven towards apoptosis and cell death [1]. Consistent with the disruption of cellular tubulin, CYT997 potently inhibits proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and most importantly apoptosis of both human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) and primary MM cells [2].in vivo: In a xenograft model using the human prostate cancer cell line PC3, oral dosing of CYT997 was initiated 13 days after cell implantation by which time palpable tumors were evident. A dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth was apparent with CYT997, which at the highest dose was equivalent to parenterally administered paclitaxel. A single dose of CYT997 (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) clearly decreased blood flow in liver metastases, and a significant reduction in blood flow was present 6 hours postdose [1]. CYT997 treatment (15 mg/kg/day) significantly prolongs the survival in a murine model of aggressive systemic myelomatosis [2].
Estramustine phosphate sodium is an antimicrotubule chemotherapy agent; arrests prostate cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
Tubulin inhibitor 28 (compound 2g) is a potent tubulin inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM. Tubulin inhibitor 28 shows anti-proliferative activity for MCF-7 cells[1].
Mertansine (DM1) is a microtubulin inhibitor which binds at the tips of microtubules and suppresses the dynamicity of microtubules.. Mertansine is an antibody-conjugatable maytansinoid that was developed to overcome systemic toxicity associated with maytansine and to enhance tumor-specific delivery.
Tubulin polymerization-IN-57 (compound 5a) is a tubulin inhibitor and is an α-naphthoxy-substituted carbendazim (HY-13582) derivative. Tubulin polymerization-IN-57 induces mitotic arrest and inhibits cancer cell proliferation[1].
Aminobenzenesulfonic auristatin E is a drug-linker conjugate for ADC with potent antitumor activity by using Auristatin E (a cytotoxic tubulin modifier), linked via the ADC linker Aminobenzenesulfonic[1].
Tubulin inhibitor 1 is a tubulin inhibitor, occupying the colchicine binding site, inhibits tubulin polymerization. Tubulin inhibitor 1 shows potent anti-tumor activity, casues cellular mitotic arrest in the G2/M phase, and induces cellular apoptosis[1].
KIF18A-IN-1 is a mitotic kinesin KIF18A inhibitor extracted from patent WO2021026098A1 example 100-13. KIF18A-IN-1 exhibits anti-tumor activity[1].
Sirt1/2-IN-1 (Compound 7) is a SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.81, 2.10 and 20.5 µg/mL against SIRT1, SIRT2 and SIRT3, respectively. Sirt1/2-IN-1 displays activity in hyperacetylation of α-tubulin protein with an IC50 of 32.05 µg/mL. Sirt1/2-IN-1 shows prominent anticancer activity[1].
Ixabepilone is an orally bioavailable microtubule inhibitor, which binds to tubulin and promotes tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization, thereby arrests cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle and induces tumor cell apoptosis.
Entasobulin is a β-tubulin polymerization inhibitor with potential anticancer activity.
Cantuzumab mertansine (SB-408075; huC242-DM1), an ADC, is an immunoconjugate of the potent maytansine derivative (DM1; HY-19792) and the humanized monoclonal antibody (huC242) directed to CanAg. Cantuzumab mertansine has cytotoxic toward colon cancer cells and has broad antitumor efficacy against a range of CanAg-positive human tumor xenografts[1][2].
KX2-391 is an inhibitor of Src that targets the peptide substrate site of Src, with GI50 of 9-60 nM in cancer cell lines.
Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 is a dual tubulin and HDAC-IN-1 inhibitor through CH/π interaction with tubulin and hydrogen bond interaction with HDAC8. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 inhibits tubulin polymerization and selectively inhibits HDAC8 (IC50: 150 nM). Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 has cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells, also arrests cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induces cell apoptosis. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 can be used in the research of hematologic and solid tumors such as neuroblastoma, leukemia[1].
PM050489 is an effective polyketone inhibitor of Microtubule/Tubulin that can be isolated from Madagascan sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides. PM050489 inhibits mitosis with an IC50 value of 26.4 nM. PM050489 has antitumor activity and can be used in cancer research[1][2].
Antitumor agent-68 is a potent tubulin inhibitor. Antitumor agent-68 shows potent anticancer activity with IC50s of 3.6 and 3.8 µM for HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Antitumor agent-68 exhibits good scavenging activity of ROS and DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner[1].
DM4-SPDP is a drug-linker conjugate composed of a potent antitubulin agent DM4 and a linker SMCC to make antibody drug conjugate[1]. SPDP is a short-chain crosslinker for amine-to-sulfhydryl conjugation via NHS-ester and pyridyldithiol reactive groups that form cleavable (reducible) disulfide bonds with cysteine sulfhydryls[2][3].
Moroidin (1) is a bicyclic octapeptide belonging to the Urticaceae-type cyclopeptide family. Moroidin (1) has a potent inhibitory effect on purified tubulin polymerization. Moroidin (1) has cytotoxic effects for several cancer cells, and can induce apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells[1].
S516 (Compound 22) is an active metabolite of CKD-516 and a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.29 μM. S516 has marked antitumor activity[1].
Compounds 17O (ic50= 14.0 nm, NCI-H460) and 17p (ic50= 2.9 nm, NCI-H460) and furan groups showed effective cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines at the nanomolar level.
Tubulin inhibitor 6 (Compound 14b) is a tubulin inhibitor and a potent inhibitor of multiple cancer cell lines. Tubulin inhibitor 6 inhibits tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 0.87 μM. Tubulin inhibitor 6 inhibits K562 cell growth with an IC50 of 840 nM[1].
Maytansinol inhibits microtubule assembly and induces microtubule disassembly in vitro.Target: Microtubule/Tubulinin vitro: Maytansinol disrupts the mitotic spindle and prevents mitotic exit in Drosophila. Maytansinol reduces the growth and/or survival of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner and that the effect was more severe for p53+/+ than for p53-/- cells at both low and high doses. Maytansinol inhibits the growth of HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Maytansinol induces apoptosis in imaginal discs of wild-type larvae but not p53 mutant larvae. This parallels the finding in human HCT116 cells, in which Maytansinol was more effective when p53 was present, at least at some doses. Maytansinol induces apoptosis in imaginal discs of wild-type larvae but not p53 mutant larvae at 24 hours after exposure to drug.
Sudocetaxel is a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor for pH-sensitive docetaxel delivery.
Microtubule inhibitor 5 (compound 17f) is a potent microtubule inhibitor. Microtubule inhibitor 5 shows cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 154.5 nM for NCI-H460 cells. Microtubule inhibitor 5 shows good cell permeability[1].
MC-betaglucuronide-MMAE-1 is a drug-linker conjugate for ADC with potent antitumor activity by using MMAE (a tubulin polymerization inhibitor), linked via the cleavable ADC linker MC-betaglucuronide.
isoCA-4, a Combretastatin A4 derivative, is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. isoCA-4 has anti-proliferative activities[1].
Tesetaxel is a orally active, semisynthetic microtubule inhibitor of the taxane class for the treatment of cancer, including colorectal and gastric cancer.