Tariquidar dihydrochloride (XR9576 dihydrochloride) is a potent and specific inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) with the high affinity (Kd=5.1 nM)[1].
Ibutilide Fumarate is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent that is indicated for acute cardioconversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter of a recent onset to sinus rhythm.Target: Calcium ChannelIbutilide is the first 'pure' class III antiarrhythmic drug to become available. Its predominant action is prolongation of the myocardial action potential duration. Intravenous ibutilide 0.01 to 0.025 mg/kg or 1 to 2 mg successfully converted atrial flutter or fibrillation to sinus rhythm in 33 to 49% of patients in 2 placebo-controlled trials involving 439 patients with sustained arrhythmia [1]. Ibutilide appears to be an effective alternative method for rapid conversion of recent-onset AF or AFl. The drug may be particularly useful in patients who have undergone recent cardiac surgery or those who are not ideal candidates for DCC [2].
SB 452533 is a potent and selective TRPV1 antagonist with the pKb of 7.8[1].
Tiagabine hydrochloride(NO328 hydrochloride) is a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor.Target: GABA reuptake inhibitorTiagabine had an early onset of effect, as shown by significant reduction from baseline in mean HAM-A total score compared with placebo at week 1 (observed cases, p < .05). Tiagabine was generally well tolerated and not associated with changes in sexual functioning or depressive status. Symptoms of a discontinuation syndrome during taper were not observed. Tiagabine may be a useful treatment option for adult patients diagnosed with GAD [1]. Tiagabine was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse events were nausea, dizziness and headaches [2]. Tiagabine (0.1 microM), an antiepileptic drug that specifically inhibits the GAT-1 GABA transporter inhibited GABA uptake 50% in temporal cortex and 60-68% in white structures [3].
Glycinexylidide (GX) is the active metabolite of Lidocaine. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and dependence. Lidocaine also reduces the growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Glycinexylidide has research potential for use in anesthesia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease[1].
Nevadistinel (NYX-458; NYX-3054) is a positive allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Nevadistinel can be used to inhibit cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as mild cognitive impairment, mild Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease[1].
Zonisamide sodium is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and the first agent of this chemical class to be developed as an antiepileptic drug.Target: Calcium channel inhibitor; Sodium channel inhibitorZonisamide sodium is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures for adults; infantile spasm, mixed seizure types of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic, and generalized tonic clonic seizure. Zonisamide sodium is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and the first agent of this chemical class to be developed as an antiepileptic drug. It has shown activity in various animal models of epilepsy, and although a detailed mode of action awaits clarification it appears to block the propagation/spread of seizure discharges and to suppress the epileptogenic focus [1].Zonisamide sodium 500 mg/day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the frequency of complex partial seizures (-51% versus -16%), all partial seizures and all seizures, with dose-dependent benefit provided over a 100-500 mg/day dose range. Supporting trials have confirmed significant increases in reduction in median seizure frequency (up to 41%) and responder rates (35-42%) compared with placebo following zonisamide sodium 400-600 mg/day, enabling 20-27% of patients to attain >or=75% reduction in seizure frequency [2].Clinical indications: Epilepsy; Lewy body dementia; Parkinsons diseaseToxicity: Anorexia; Somnolence; Dizziness; Irritability; Confusional state; Depression; Diplopia; Memory impairment
Oligomycin A, created by Streptomyces, acts as a mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1 μM; Oligomycin A shows anti-fungal activity.
Fluxametamide is an insecticide with wide spectrum, acts as an antagonist of GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels, with IC50 of 1.95 nM and 225 nM for M. domestica GABACls and GluCls.
Sipatrigine, a neuroprotective agent, is a glutamate release inhibitor, voltage-dependent sodium channel and calcium channel inhibitor, penetrating the central nervous system. Has potential to treat focal cerebral ischemia and stroke[1][2].
Cav 2.2 blocker 2 is a Cav2.2 calcium channel blocker extracted from patent WO2017046581A1, compound 1. Cav 2.2 blocker 2 can reverses hyperalgesia associated with an injury or inflammation in conjunction with the opioid[1].
Verucopeptin is a potent HIF-1 (IC50=0.22 μM) inhibitor and decreases the expression of HIF-1 target genes and HIF-1α protein levels[1][2]. Verucopeptin strongly inhibits v-ATPase activity by directly targeting the v-ATPase ATP6V1G subunit but not ATP1V1B2 or ATP6V1D. Verucopeptin exhibits antitumor activity against multidrug resistance (MDR) cancers and can be used for cancer research[3].
CRAC intermediate 1 is a key intermediate in the chemical synthesis of a series of CRAC channel inhibitors, detailed information can be found in Patent WO 2010122089 A1, intermediate 9.
ML133 (hydrochloride) is a selective Kir2 family channels inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1.8 μM at pH 7.4 and 290 nM at pH 8.5[1].
Tiludronate (Tiludronic Acid), an orally active bisphosphonate, can act an osteoregulator. Tiludronate is used for the research of the metabolic bone disorders. Tiludronate is a potent inhibitor of the osteoclast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Antiresorptive and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2][3][4].
Calciseptine, a natural?neurotoxin?isolated from the black mamba Dendroaspis p. polylepis venom. Calciseptine consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically blocks L-type?calcium channel[1].
Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.Target: AChR alpha-2Cisatracurium is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinolinium agent with an intermediate duration of action. Cisatracurium is one of the ten isomers of the parent molecule, atracurium. Moreover, cisatracurium represents approximately 15% of the atracurium mixture [1, 2].
mGAT3/4-IN-1 (compound 19b) is a potent mGAT3/mGAT4 inhibitor, with pIC50 values of 5.31 and 5.24, respectively. mGAT3/4-IN-1 exhibits a significant tactile allodynia reduction in diabetic neuropathic mice[1].
Evifacotrep, a short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TRPC5) antagonist (WO2020061162, compound 100), can be used for the research of neurological diseases[1].
Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid) is an anthracene derivative traditionally used to block and identify Ca2+-activated Cl- currents (CaCCs) in various cell types, like diverse smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and salivary gland cells[1].
3’-Acetate-ATP, an ATP analogue, is ATP acetylation product with an maxima uv absorption at 259 nm in water at neutral pH. 3’-Acetate-ATP exerts a blocking effect on nucleic acid polymerization[1].
BMS-986163 is a negative allosteric modulator of GluN2B. The prodrug BMS-986163 rapidly converts to its active parent molecule BMS-986169 (Ki=4 nM, IC50=24 nM).
Zonisamide is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and the first agent of this chemical class to be developed as an antiepileptic drug.Target: Calcium channel inhibitor; Sodium channel inhibitorZonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures for adults; infantile spasm, mixed seizure types of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic, and generalized tonic clonic seizure. Zonisamide is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and the first agent of this chemical class to be developed as an antiepileptic drug. It has shown activity in various animal models of epilepsy, and although a detailed mode of action awaits clarification it appears to block the propagation/spread of seizure discharges and to suppress the epileptogenic focus [1].Zonisamide 500 mg/day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the frequency of complex partial seizures (-51% versus -16%), all partial seizures and all seizures, with dose-dependent benefit provided over a 100-500 mg/day dose range. Supporting trials have confirmed significant increases in reduction in median seizure frequency (up to 41%) and responder rates (35-42%) compared with placebo following zonisamide 400-600 mg/day, enabling 20-27% of patients to attain >or=75% reduction in seizure frequency [2].Clinical indications: Epilepsy; Lewy body dementia; Parkinsons diseaseToxicity: Anorexia; Somnolence; Dizziness; Irritability; Confusional state; Depression; Diplopia; Memory impairment
Procaine Hydrochloride is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group.Target: OthersProcaine is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action.Procaine (0.01-100 microM) inhibited the 5-HT3 receptor-mediated inward current in the whole-cell patch clamp recording. Procaine appears to produce a competitive inhibition on 5-HT3 receptors with a KD of 1.7 microM [1]. Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent that produces a 40% reduction in 5-methylcytosine DNA content as determined by high-performance capillary electrophoresis or total DNA enzyme digestion. Procaine can also demethylate densely hypermethylated CpG islands. Procaine also has growth-inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, causing mitotic arrest [2]. Procaine functions as an excitant of limbic system cells, and that procaine alters synaptic transmission in some, but not all, output pathways from the amygdale [3].
ATP synthase inhibitor 1 is a potent inhibitor of c subunit of the F1/FO-ATP synthase complex, inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, does not affect ATP levels[1].
Esomeprazole-d6 sodium is the deuterium labeled Esomeprazole. Esomeprazole ((S)-Omeprazole) is a potent and orally active proton pump inhibitor and reduces acid secretion through inhibition of the H+, K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. Esomeprazole has the potential for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease research[1][2][3].
γ-Acetylenic GABA hydrochloride is a GABA transaminase inhibitor.
Conantokin R (Con-R) is an NMDA receptor peptide antagonist with an IC50 of 93 nM. Conantokin R binds Zn2+ and Mg2+ with Kds of 0.15 μM and 6.5 μM, respectively. Conantokin R shows anticonvulsant activity[1][2].
4-Aminopyridine-d4 is deuterium labeled 4-Aminopyridine. 4-Aminopyridine is a nonselective K+ channel blocker that binds from the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
(±)-Praeruptorin A is the di-esterified product of cis-khellactone (CKL) and the major active ingredient in Peucedani Radix which consists of the dried roots of Peucedanum praeruptorumDunn (Apiaceae). (±)-Praeruptorin A has been widely employed as one of the famous traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for the treatment of cough with thick sputum and dyspnea, nonproductive cough and upper respiratory infections for centuries in China. (±)-Praeruptorin A has dramatically therapeutic effects on hypertension mainly through acting as a Ca2+-influx blocker[1].