Tulrampator (CX-1632) is an orally bioavailable positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)[1]. Antidepressant[1].
(R)-VU 6008667, an active enantiomer of VU6008667, is a orally active acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (M5 NAM) inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.2 μM (human) and 1.6 μM (rat), respectively. (R)-VU6008667 is selective for M5 over M1-4, high CNS penetration[1].
5,7-Dimethoxyluteolin, a 5,7-dimethylluteolin derivative, is a dopamine transporter (DAT) activator with an EC50 of 3.417 μM[1].
Cassiaside B2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and human monoamine oxidase A (hMAO-A) inhibitor. Cassiaside B2 possesses antiallergic and is a 5-HT2C receptor agonist[1][2].[3]..
[D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,Nle11] Substance P (4-11) is a potent neurokinin NK1 antagonist. [D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,Nle11] Substance P (4-11) inhibits the effects of gold-protein-substance P (GPSP) and substance P (SP)[1].
Fremanezumab (TEV-48125) is a humanized IgG2a monoclonal antibody that selectively and potently binds to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide involved in central and peripheral pathophysiological events of migraine. Fremanezumab has the potential for chronic migraine research[1].
GBR 12783 dihydrochloride is a specific, potent and selective dopamine uptake inhibitor that inhibits the [3H]dopamine uptake by rat and mice striatal synaptosomes with IC50s of 1.8 nM and 1.2 nM, respectively. GBR 12783 dihydrochloride can improve memory performance and increase hippocampal acetylcholine release in rats[1][2].
CGP 35348 is a selective, brain penetrant, centrally active GABAB receptor antagonist with an EC50 of 34 μM. CGP 35348 shows affinity for the GABAB receptor only[1]. CGP 35348 has a potential to improve neuromuscular coordination and spatial learning in albino mouse following neonatal brain damage[2].
Tolterodine Tartrate(PNU-200583E; Kabi-2234) is a potent muscarinic receptor antagonists that show selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands in vivo. IC50 Value:Target: mAChRin vitro: Carbachol-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig bladder were effectively inhibited by tolterodine (IC50 14 nM) and 5-HM (IC50 5.7 nM). The IC50 values were in the microM range and the antimuscarinic potency of tolterodine was 27, 200 and 370-485 times higher, respectively, than its potency in blocking histamine receptors, alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium channels. The active metabolite, 5-HM, was >900 times less potent at these sites than at bladder muscarinic receptors [1].in vivo: Tolterodine was extensively metabolized in vivo [2]. In the passive-avoidance test, tolterodine at 1 or 3 mg/kg had no effect on memory; the latency to cross and percentage of animals crossing were comparable to controls. In contrast, scopolamine induced a memory deficit; the latency to cross was decreased, and the number of animals crossing was increased [3].
Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also a selective ligand of the GPR35 receptor.
Aftin-4 is an Amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) inducer.
Milnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia.Target: SNRIMilnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Dalcipran, Toledomin) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia. It is not approved for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder in the USA, but it is in other countries.Milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in an approximately 1:3 ratio, respectively; in practical use this means a relatively balanced action upon bothneurotransmitters. Increasing both neurotransmitters concentration simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia. Milnacipran exerts no significant actions onH1, α1, D1, D2, and mACh receptors, as well as on benzodiazepine and opioid binding sites. Milnacipran is well absorbed after oral dosing and has a bioavailability of 85%. Meals do not have an influence on the rapidity and extent of absorption. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2 hours after oral dosing. The elimination half-life of 8 hours is not increased by liver impairment and old age, but by significant renal disease. Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
Zamifenacin fumarate (UK-76654 fumarate) is a potent gut-selective muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist. Zamifenacin significantly reduces colonic motility in irritable bowel syndrome[1].
Scyliorhinin II is a selective neurokinin-3 receptor agonist, with a Ki of 2.5 nM for neurokinin-3 receptor in rat cerebral cortex.
Akuammidine, isolated from the seeds of Picralima nitida, shows a preference for μ-opioid binding sites with Ki values of 0.6, 2.4 and 8.6 μM at μ-, σ- and κ-opioid binding sites, respectively. Akuammidine possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic properties[1][2].
Isoguvacine hydrochloride is a GABA receptor agonist.
Anagyrine ((-)-Anagyrine) hydrochloride is a quinolizidine alkaloid that has been found in Lupinus albus. Anagyrine hydrochloride binds to muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with IC50 values of 132 and 2096 µM respectively. Anagyrine hydrochloride is a potent and effective desensitizer of nAChR, and Anagyrine hydrochloride can directly, without metabolism, desensitize nAChR[1][2][3].
AC-42 is a poent M1 muscarinic selective allosteric agonist with EC50s of 805 nM and 220 nM for human wild-type and Y381A mutated M1 receptors, respectively[1].
4-(6-Bromo-2-benzothiazolyl)benzenamine is a β-amyloid PET (positron emission tomography) tracer that can be used in the diagnosis of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Down's syndrome.
1-Monomyristin, extracted from Serenoa repens, inhibits the hydrolysis of 2-oleoylglycerol (IC50=32 μM) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity (IC50=18 μM). 1-Monomyristin shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and also antifungal activity against Candida albicans[1][2][3].
Clozapine-d4 (HF 1854-d4) is the deuterium labeled Clozapine. Clozapine is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors[1][2][3][4][5].
Dexpramipexole(KNS-760704), also known as R-(+)-Pramipexole, is a neuroprotective agent and weak non-ergoline dopamine agonist. IC50 Value:Target: Dopamine ReceptorDexpramipexole has been found to have neuroprotective effects and is being investigated for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Dexpramipexole reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inhibits the activation of apoptotic pathways, and increase cell survival in response to a variety of neurotoxins and β-amyloid neurotoxicity. Compared to the S-(-) isomer, Dexpramipexole has much lower dopamine agonist activity.
Sarmazenil is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist.
A potent, selective, orally available GlyT1 inhibitor with Ki of 11.6 nM, without activity against GlyT2 (IC50>10 uM); demonstrates potent activity in elevating CSF levels of glycine in vivo (ED200, 3.5 mg/kg).
4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative.
T 82 is a potent 5-HT3 antagonist and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, used for treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
Withanone is an active constituent from Withania somnifera roots with multifunctional neuroprotective effect in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. Withanone affords protection against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity in Neuron-like cells[1][2].
Anrikefon (HSK21542) acetate is a kappa opioid receptor agonist with analgesic effect[1].
Tolterodine(PNU-200583) is a potent muscarinic receptor antagonists that show selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands in vivo. IC50 Value:Target: mAChRin vitro: Carbachol-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig bladder were effectively inhibited by tolterodine (IC50 14 nM) and 5-HM (IC50 5.7 nM). The IC50 values were in the microM range and the antimuscarinic potency of tolterodine was 27, 200 and 370-485 times higher, respectively, than its potency in blocking histamine receptors, alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium channels. The active metabolite, 5-HM, was >900 times less potent at these sites than at bladder muscarinic receptors [1].in vivo: Tolterodine was extensively metabolized in vivo [2]. In the passive-avoidance test, tolterodine at 1 or 3 mg/kg had no effect on memory; the latency to cross and percentage of animals crossing were comparable to controls. In contrast, scopolamine induced a memory deficit; the latency to cross was decreased, and the number of animals crossing was increased [3].