Alvelestat (AZD9668) is a novel, oral inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE) with the pIC50 of 7.9 for Human NE.IC50 Value: 7.9 ± 0.12 (pIC50, Human NE); 4.9 nM (Ki value, Human NE) [1]Target: Neutrophil elastasein vitro: AZD9668 had a high binding affinity for human NE (KD = 9.5 nM) and potently inhibited NE activity. The calculated pIC50 (IC50) and Ki values for AZD9668 for human NE were 7.9 (12 nM) and 4.9 nM, respectively. In contrast to earlier NE inhibitors, the interaction between AZD9668 and NE was rapidly reversible. AZD9668 was also highly selective for NE over other neutrophil-derived serine proteases. In cell-based assays, AZD9668 inhibited plasma NE activity in zymosan-stimulated whole blood. In isolated human polymorphonuclear cells, AZD9668 inhibited NE activity on the surface of stimulated cells and in the supernatant of primed, stimulated cells.AZD9668 showed good crossover potency to NE from other species [1]. in vivo: Six hundred and fifteen patients were randomised: placebo (302), AZD9668 60 mg bid (313). AZD9668 showed no effect on lung function: change in mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 versus placebo was 0.01L (95% confidence interval: -0.03, 0.05; p=0.533). AZD9668 did not significantly improve respiratory signs and symptoms, SGRQ-C score or time to first exacerbation. Adverse events were similar for AZD9668 and placebo [2]. AZD9668 was well tolerated at single doses up to 150 mg and multiple doses up to 70 mg twice daily. PK were dose linear; median time to peak plasma concentration was reached at 0.5 - 1.5 hours and the short elimination half-life was consistent with twice daily dosing. Steady state was reached by Day 2 of twice daily dosing with negligible accumulation. Approximately 40% of AZD9668 was eliminated renally as unchanged compound. Ex vivo zymosan-stimulated inhibition of NE activity was dose-dependent, with maximal inhibition achieved at 60 mg [4].Toxicity: A total of 838 patients were randomised to AZD9668 5 mg bid (212 patients), 20 mg bid (206 patients), 60 mg bid (202 patients) or placebo (218 patients). AZD9668 showed no effect on lung function, respiratory signs and symptoms, QoL or biomarkers [3].Clinical trial: Phase II study of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (AZD9668) in patients with bronchiectasis.
Metopimazine (EXP999) is a phenothiazine derivative used to prevent emesis during chemotherapy. Metopimazine belongs to the anti-dopaminergic anti-emetics (ADA) class. Metopimazine can be used for the research of gastroenteritis (GE) [1].
GPR84 antagonist 2 (compound 33) is a potent, selective, and orally active GPR84 antagonist (IC50=8.95 nM). GPR84 antagonist 2 shows improved potency in the calcium mobilization assay and the ability to inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages upon GPR84 activation. GPR84 antagonist 2 has the potential for the research of ulcerative colitis[1].
Polyporoid B is a ergostane-type ecdysteroid that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in vivo[1].
Ac-D-DGla-LI-Cha-C is a potent HCV protease inhibitor peptide. Ac-D-DGla-LI-Cha-C can be used for the research of cancer, autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, lung diseases, heart and vascular diseases and metabolic diseases[1].
Treprostinil sodium is a potent DP1 and EP2 agonist with EC50 values of 0.6±0.1 and 6.2±1.2 nM, respectively.
BMS 753 is an isotype-selective retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist, with a Ki of 2 nM[1].
Acetyl-α-MSH (11-13) is the acetylated C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
Roflumilast Impurity E is the impurity of Roflumilast. Roflumilast(Daliresp) is a drug which acts as a selective and long-acting inhibitor of the enzyme PDE-4 with an IC50 value of 0.8 nM.
Parstatin(mouse), a cell-penetrating PAR-1 thrombin receptor agonist peptide, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis[1][2].
GAL-021 a new intravenous BKCa-channel blocker.
10-10-Hydroxyaloin A is potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. 10-Hydroxyaloin A exhibits significant efficacy to bind SARS-Cov-2 Mpro active site[1].
Naltriben mesylate is a potent delta-2 receptor-selective antagonist, with Kis are 0.013, 19 and 152 nM for δ, μ and κ receptors respectively. Naltriben mesylate selectively attenuates alcohol intake in rats bred for alcohol preference[1][2].
Ezurpimtrostat (compound 2-2) is used for the study of fibrosis, cancer, autophagy and cathepsins B (CTSB), L (CTSL) and D (CTSD) related diseases (extracted from patent WO2020048694 A1)[1].
CD12681 (CD-12681) is a potent, selective RORγ inverse agonist with IC50 of 19 nM, displays no activity against a panel of nuclear receptors (RORα, RARγ, LXRβ, PPARγ and VDR); inhibits IL17 production in stimulated CD4 in human hepatocytes with IC50 of 10 nM; inhibits ear swelling and IL-17 cell recruitment induced by IL-23 in mice model, CD12681 is a selective RORγ inverse agonist is sufficient to modulate an IL-23/IL-17-mediated skin inflammation.
NS-2028 is a highly selective soluble Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) inhibitor with IC50 values of 30 nM and 200 nM for basal and NO-stimulated enzyme activity[1]. NS-2028 inhibits soluble Guanylyl Cyclase activity in homogenates of mouse cerebellum and neuronal NO synthase with IC50 values of 17 nM and 20 nM[1]. NS-2028 inhibits 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1)-elicited formation of cyclic GMP in human cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50 of 30 nM[1]. NS-2028 is commonly used in the research of nitric oxide signaling pathways, it inhibits NO-dependent relaxant responses in non-vascular smooth muscle completely (1 μM)[1]. NS-2028 reduces vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and permeability[2].
Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate is a guanylyl cyclase (sGC), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Methylene blue is a vasopressor and is often used as a dye in several medical procedures. Methylene blue hydrate through the nitric oxide syntase/guanylate cyclase signalling pathway to reduce prepulse inhibition. Methylene blue hydrate is a REDOX cycling compound and able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methylene blue hydrate is a Tau aggregation inhibitor. Methylene blue hydrate reduces cerebral edema, attenuated microglial activation and reduced neuroinflammation[1][2][3].
Sutimlimab, a first-in-class complement protein component 1, s subcomponent (C1s) inhibitor, can be used for the research of cold agglutinin disease. C1s is a serine protease which cleaves C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase[1].
NF340 is a potent and selective P2Y11 receptor antagonist. NF340 inhibits the activity of P2Y11R by completely combining with ATP-binding amino acid residues. NF340 ameliorates inflammation in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and can be used for rheumatoid arthritis research[1].
Bavachinin(7-O-Methylbavachin) is a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Fructus Psoraleae;has potent anti-angiogenic activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Isobavachalcone significantly inhibits both oligomerization and fibrillization of Aβ42, whereas bavachinin inhibits fibrillization and leads to off-pathway aggregation. Both of the compounds attenuated Aβ42-induced toxicity in a SH-SY5Y cell model [1]. Bavachinin, has potent anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Bavachinin inhibited increases in HIF-1α activity in human KB carcinoma (HeLa cell derivative) and human HOS osteosarcoma cells under hypoxia in a concentration-dependent manner, probably by enhancing the interaction between von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and HIF-1α [2].in vivo: significantly inhibited Th2 cytokine production, including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Notably, this compound almost completely blocked inflammation in the ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized animal asthma model [3].
Cefalonium hydrate is the first-generation β-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic that is widely used to research bovine mastitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria including staphylococci[1][2][3].
MJ33 lithium is an active-site-directed, specific, competitive, and reversible phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor. MJ33 lithium blocks the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity of Prdx6[1]. MJ33 lithium has a critical effect on inflammatory brain damage[2].
Isobutylparaben (Isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate) is a constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator. Isobutylparaben has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and widely used in personal care products and cosmetics[1].
Mirococept (APT070) is an antibody targeting to complement system C3b/C4b, as well as a membrane-localizing C3 convertase inhibitor. Mirococept reduces the release of C-peptide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Mirococept reduces intraislet inflammation, which is beneficial to islet transplantation. Mirococept also inhibits increased intestinal and pulmonary vascular permeability to reduce neutrophil influx[1][2].
Isopimpinellin, an orally active compound isolated from the roots of Pimpinella saxifrage. Isopimpinellin blocks DNA adduct formation and skin tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Isopimpinellin possesses anti-leishmania effect[1].
N-(3-Methoxybenzyl)stearamide a natural product from Lepidium meyenii (Maca), inhibits human and mouse soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH and msEH) with IC50s of 0.001 and <0.001 μg/nM, respectively[1].
Leukotriene F4 (LTF4), is a lipid that belongs to the Cysteinyl Leukotriene (CysTL) family[1]. Leukotriene F4 induces bronchoconstriction with an ED50 of 16 μg/kg[2]. The precursor of LTF4 is Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), which isformed from the action of a glutamyl transferase[1].
AT-533 is a potent Hsp90 and HSV inhibitor. AT-533 suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis by blocking the HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. AT-533 also inhibits the activation of the downstream pathways, including Akt/mTOR/p70S6K, Erk1/2 and FAK. AT-533 inhibits the tube formation, cell migration, and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)[1][2][3].
GSK2018682 is an agonist for S1P1 and S1P5 receptor with pEC50s of 7.7 and 7.2, respectively, and has no agonist activity towards human S1P2, S1P3, or S1P4. GSK2018682 is used in the research of multiple sclerosis.
MK-0812 is a potent and selective CCR2 antagonist with low nM affinity for CCR2 on human monocytes.