Cholic acid sodium hydrate is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid sodium hydrate facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid sodium hydrate is orally active[1][2].
Ecdysone (α-Ecdysone), a major steroid hormone in insects and herbs, triggers mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation and induces cellular apoptosis. Ecdysone plays essential roles in coordinating developmental transitions and homeostatic sleep regulation through its active metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (Crustecdysone; 20E; HY-N6979)[1][2].
Demethoxycapillarisin (6-Demethoxycapillarisin) inhibits PEPCK mRNA levels (IC50: 43 μM) by activation of the PI3K pathway. Demethoxycapillarisin decreases glucose production[1].
Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
(±)-CPSI-1306 is an orally available antagonist of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).
AZD1656 is a potent, selective and orally active glucokinase activator with an EC50 of 60 nM. AZD1656 has the potential for type 2 diabetes research[1][2][3].
SBC-110736 is a proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor extracted from patent WO2014150395A1, Figure 1.
Androsterone is a metabolic product of testosterone and can activate Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR).
SQ28603 is a potent and selective inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase 3.4.24.11 (NEP), an enzyme that degrades atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Trimethylammonium chloride-15N is the 15N labeled Trimethylammonium chloride[1]. Trimethylammonium chloride is an endogenous metabolite.
(±)-Leucine-13C (DL-Leucine-13C) is the 13C-labeled (±)-Leucine. (±)-Leucine (DL-Leucine), an isomer of Leucine, chemosterilant and dietary additive. (±)-Leucine inhibits growth of Escherichia coli HfrH by 92.08%[1].
NE21650 potently inhibits farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase. NE21650 is a weak inhibitor of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase. NE21650 is a potent inhibitor of protein prenylation in osteoclasts and macrophages and bone resorption in vitro[1].
Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants.
6,8-Diprenylnaringenin (Lonchocarpol A; Senegalensin), a hop prenylflavonoid, is a inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). 6,8-Diprenylnaringenin inhibits ABCG2-mediated efflux of Mitoxantrone, and 3H-Methotrexate transport (IC50=0.41 μM) in HEK293 cells. 6,8-Diprenylnaringenin exhibits some estrogenicity, but its potency is less than 1% of that of 8-Prenylnaringenin[1][2].
Marein has the neuroprotective effect due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway. Marein improves insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 100 µM. Marein has beneficial antioxidative, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects[1][2][3].
Kukoamine B is a component of Lycii Cortex, with anti-oxidant, anti-acute inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties[1].
Androgen receptor antagonist 2 (example 12) is an androgen receptor antagonist. Androgen receptor antagonist 2 can be used for prostate cancer and male hair loss research[1].
Org30958 is a potent aromatase inhibitor in vivo.
D-Glucose-13C-2 (Glucose-13C-2) is the 13C labeled D-Glucose. D-Glucose (Glucose), a monosaccharide, is an important carbohydrate in biology. D-Glucose is a carbohydrate sweetener and critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic and abiotic stress response[1].
Farnesylcysteine (FC) is a competitive inhibitor of ICMT. The fcly mutant has quantitatively low farnesylcysteine (FC) lyase activity and an enhanced response to ABA. Farnesylcysteine induces an ABA hypersensitive phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana[1].
Luseogliflozin (TS 071) is a potent, selective, orally active sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2.26 nM, about 1765-fold selectivity over SGLT1 (IC50, 3990 nM). Luseogliflozin has the protential for treating type 2 diabetes.
Tangshenoside I, isolated from the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata, exhibits weak α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro with an IC50 of 1.4 mM[1].
L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid) is a long-acting vitamin C derivative that can stimulate collagen formation and expression[1]. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid) can be used as a culture medium supplement for the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of runx2A in hASCs during the osteogenic differentiation[2][3].
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is an endogenous metabolite.
Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate is an endogenous metabolite.
23,24-Dihydroisocucurbitacin D (compound 22) is a cucurbitacin[1].
Lanifibranor is a pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist with EC50s of 1.5, 0.87 and 0.21 μM for human PPARα, PPARσ and PPARγ, respectively.
Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate-d8 is the deuterium labeled Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate[1]. Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate) is a hepatoprotectant obtained from Schizandra fructus and may induce a signal transduction similar to that associated with IFN[2].