Oxyntomodulin (swine) is a dual agonist for GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR), a peptide hormone released from the gut in post-prandial state. Oxyntomodulin (swine) suppresses appetite and reduces food intake[1][2][3].
Dasiglucagon is a novel human glucagon analog, and can increase plasma glucose. Dasiglucagon can be used in hypoglycemia research[1][2][3].
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine originates from tyrosine through an AA acetylase, is associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and tyrosinemia I.
LD-ATTEC4 (compound 4A) is a coupling compound that can bind to LC3, with a Kd of 0.39 μM for LC3B. LD-ATTEC4 can connect autophagosomes with lipid droplets, inducing autophagy to clear lipid droplets[1].
Kudinoside D is a main natural component of triterpenoid saponin derived from Ilex kudingcha. Kudinoside D suppresses adipogenesis through modulation of the AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes[1].
MM 419447, a linaclotide metabolite, is a guanylate cyclase-C agonist. MM 419447 has the potential for the research of the irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C)[1].
7-Acetoxy-4-bromomethylcoumarin acts as a fluorescence label for fatty acids.
Ac-DEVD-CMK (Caspase-3 Inhibitor III) is a selective and irreversible caspase-3 inhibitor. Ac-DEVD-CMK significantly inhibits apoptosis induced by high levels of glucose or 3,20-dibenzoate (IDB; HY-137295). Ac-DEVD-CMK can be used in a variety of experimental approaches to inhibit apoptosis[1][2][3].
Hydroflumethiazide (Methforylthiazidine) is an orally active and potent thiazide diuretic. Hydroflumethiazide possesses the ability to directly stimulate A cell secretion in the normal and alloxan diabetic pancreas[1][2][3].
DL-α-(Difluoromethyl)arginine is an potent, enzyme-activated and irreversible arginine decarboxylases inhibitor. DL-α-(Difluoromethyl)arginine blocks the arginine decarboxylase activity of E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo[1].
GLP-1R modulator L7-028 is an allosteric modulator enhancing GLP-1 binding to GLP-1R via a transmembrane site (EC50 11.01 ± 2.73 μM).
Pimelic acid is the organic compound and its derivatives are involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid called lysine.
β-Muricholic acid is a potent and orally active biliary cholesterol-desaturating agent. β-Muricholic acid prevents cholesterol gallstones. β-Muricholic acid inhibits lipid accumulation. β-Muricholic acid has the potential for the research of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)[1][2].
SSTR5 antagonists 1 is a potent, selective, and orally available somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonist with IC50s of 9.6 and 57 nM for hSSTR5 and mSSTR5, respectively. (Compound 25a)[1]
HSL-IN-2 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL), with an IC50 of 0.023 μM.
7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin (5-Hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone) is a flavonoid from the herb Lippia nodiflora L. (Verbenaceae) which has been documented to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antitussive, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimelanogenesis properties. 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin obviously reduces the prodn of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin significantly induces reduction in the mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, representing that inhibition occurs at the transcriptional level[1].
A potent, selective, CNS-penetrant P2X7 antagonist with pKi of 9.1 and 7.9 for rat and huamn P2X7 channel, respectively; does not block calcium flux via human P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X2/P2X3, and P2X4 at 10 uM; attenuates both ATP- and Bz-ATP-induced currents from hP2X7-1321N1 cells with similar potencies (pEC50=7.0), blocks the release of IL-1β induced by Bz-ATP in freely moving rat brain, also increases serotonin levels; attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in vivo.
6-Methyluracil (Pseudothymine), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as an indicator of acetoacetyl-CoA (AACoA) accumulation. 6-Methyluracil exhibits antiradiation effect in vivo[1][2].
Palmitic acid-1,2,3,4-13C4 is the 13C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells[1][2].
MBX 102 is a selective partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine is an endogenous metabolite.
Amylin (8-37) (human) (hIAPP (8-37)) is a 8-37 fragment of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). The duplex folding structure in the Amylin (8-37) (human) assembly has a hairpin structure[1].
Pancreatic lipase/Carboxylesterase 1-IN-1 (Compound 39) is a potent dual inhibitor of pancreatic lipase (PL) and human carboxylesterase 1A (hCES1A) with IC50 values of 2.13 µM and 0.055 µM against PL and hCES1A[1].
Cycloleucine is a specific inhibitor of S-adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. Cycloleucine is antagonist of NMDA receptor associated glycine receptor, with a Ki of 600 μM. Cycloleucine is also a competitive inhibitor of ATP: L-methionine-S-adenosyl transferase in vitro. Cycloleucine has anxiolytic and cytostatic effects[1][2][3][4].
16-Hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide (16ξ-Hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide; HCD), a clerodane diterpene, is a potent serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. 16-Hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide down-regulates LPS-induced ERK phosphorylation in myocyte but blocks GLP-1 induced PKA expression. 16-Hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide exhibits hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic efficacy[1].
Lesinurad is a URAT1 and OAT inhibitor, is determined to be a substrate for the kidney transporters OAT1 and OAT3 with Km values of 0.85 and 2 µM, respectively.
Ganoderal A, an oxygenated sterol from G. lucidum, is a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor[1].
TCMCB07, a cyclic nonapeptide peptide, is an orally active and brain-penetrant melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) antagonist. TCMCB07 plays an important role in cachexia[1].
1-Azakenpaullone (1-Akp) is a highly selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β), with an IC50 value of 18 nM[1].
Orphan GPCR SP9155 agonist P550 (mouse, rat) (26RFa (mouse, rat)), a member of the RFamide peptide family with orexigenic effect, is the cognate ligand of the mouse orphan receptor GPR103, also designated SP9155 or AQ27[1][2].