VU6001376 is a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4 PAM) with an EC50 of 50.1 nM[1].
Ro 32-0432 hydrochloride is a potent, selective, ATP-competitive and orally active PKC inhibitor. The IC50 values of Ro 32-0432 hydrochloride for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCγ and PKCε are 9.3 nM, 28 nM, 30 nM, 36.5 nM and 108.3 nM, respectively. Ro 32-0432 hydrochloride is also a selective G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) inhibitor. Ro 32-0432 hydrochloride prevents T-cell activation and has the potential for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases research[1][2].
Tetramethylglycerol (Tetramethylglycoluril) is a small molecule that acts on GABA Receptor, with anti-anxiety activity[1].
Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid hydrochloride is a potential neurotoxin[1].
PACAP-38 (16-38), human, mouse, rat demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production[1]. PACAP is a potent activator of cAMP formation[2].
Dicarbine blocks dopamine receptors in various brain parts and prevents the depression of the conditioned defence reflexes caused by stimulation of the mesencephalic portion of the reticular formation. Dicarbine could be used to treat patients with schizophrenia and alcoholic psychosis in clinical[1][2].
Gallopamil (Methoxyverapamil), a methoxy derivative of Verapamil, is a phenylalkylamine calcium antagonist. Gallopamil acts on the vascular system and the heart and nodal structure[1]. Gallopamil inhibits acid secretion in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 10.9 μM[2].
Aripiprazole(Abilify) is a human 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist with a Ki of 4.2 nM. IC50 Value: 4.2 nM(Ki)Target: 5-HT ReceptorAripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has also recently received FDA approval for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. Aripiprazole appears to mediate its antipsychotic effects primarily by partial agonism at the D2 receptor. In addition to partial agonist activity at the D2 receptor, aripiprazole is also a partial agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, and like the other atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole displays an antagonist profile at the 5-HT2A receptor. Aripiprazole has moderate affinity for histamine and alpha adrenergic receptors, and no appreciable affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors.
KCC2 blocker 1 is an orally active and selective K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC2 blocker with an IC50 of 1 μM. KCC2 blocker 1 is a benzyl prolinate and has antiepileptic effect[1].
Ladostigil (TV-3326) hydrochloride is an orally active dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and brain-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO), with IC50s of 37.1 and 31.8 μM for MAO-B and AChE, respectively. Ladostigil hydrochloride exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Ladostigil can be used for the research of depression and Alzheimer's disease[1][2].
L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alfoscerate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.IC50 value:Target: Anti-ADAlpha-GPC rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2,044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied alpha-GPC in doses of 1,000 mg/day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties.Target: mAChROxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. Oxybutynin competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonist and local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. Oxybutynin is available orally in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis (hyper-active sweating) [1-3].
Hexasodium phytate (Phytic acid hexasodium) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Hexasodium phytate has a strong ability to chelate multivalent metal ions, specially zinc, calcium, iron and as with protein residue. Hexasodium phytate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase (XO), and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects.
(Gly22)-amyloid beta-protein(1-40) (Arctic variant Ab40ARC (E22G)) is a peptide. (Gly22)-amyloid beta-protein(1-40) can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease[1].
AM1241 is a potent, typical[2] and selective CB2 receptor agonist, with a Ki of 3.4 nM in a mouse spleen, and the Ki for CB1 receptor in rat brain is 280 nM, 82-fold selectivity for the CB2 receptor in rodent tissue[1]. AM1241 relieves migraine, stroke, and neuropathic pain，also has a potent effect on Parkinson's disease[2]. AM1241 prevents oxidative damage and activates STAT3 through the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2[3].
Almorexant Hcl (ACT078573) is a potent and competitive dual orexin 1 receptor (OX1)/orexin 2 receptor (OX2) antagonist with Ki values of 1.3 and 0.17 nM for OX1 and OX2, respectively.
Antioxidant agent-2 (comp 3c), an BBB-penetrated antioxidant agent and a selective metal ions chelator, presents good neuroprotective effect and hepatoprotective effect for the study of Alzheimer’s disease[1].
ABC44 is a potent serine hydrolase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.1 μM and 6.5 μM for palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) in situ and in vitro, respectively. ABC44 can be used for researching infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis[1].
JNJ10191584 (VUF6002) is an orally active and selective histamine H4 receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 26 nM. JNJ10191584 shows 540-fold selectivity to H4 receptor over H3 receptor with a Ki value of 14.1 μM. JNJ10191584 inhibits chemotaxis of eosinophils and mast cells with IC50 values of 530 nM and 138 nM, respectively[1][2].
SNX-482, a peptidyl toxin of the spider Hysterocrates gigas, is a potent, high affinity, selective and voltage-dependent R-type CaV2.3 channel blocker with an IC50 of 30 nM. SNX-482 has antinociceptive effect[1][2][3].
Mirtazapine D3 (Org3770 D3; 6-Azamianserin D3) is a deuterium labeled Mirtazapine. Mirtazapine is a 5-HT receptor inhibitor. Mirtazapine is a potent and orally active noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) agent by blocking 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors[1].
Methylergometrine maleate (Methylergonovine maleate) is an ergot alkaloid and an active metabolite of Methysergide with vasoconstrictive and uterotonic activity. Methylergometrine maleate is a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT receptors antagonist with a pA2 value of 9.6. Methylergometrine maleate has antimigraine and dopaminergic activity. Methylergometrine maleate can used for the prevention and control of postpartum hemorrhage[1][2][3].
MARK-IN-1 is a potent microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK) inhibitor with an IC50 of <0.25 nM.
GSK1059865 is a potent orexin 1 receptor antagonist.
Clozapine D8 (HF 1854 D8) is the deuterium labeled Clozapine. Clozapine, an antipsychotic, is a potent antagonist of dopamine and a number of other receptors, with a Ki of 9.5 nM for muscarinic M1 receptor. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[1][2][3][4].
Anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) is a quinochalcone C-glycoside isolated from Carthamus tinctorius. Anhydrosafflor yellow B inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, exhibits significant anti-oxidative effects in vitro, and possesses certain activity against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells and primary neuronal cells[1].
BMS 433796 is a γ-secretase inhibitor with Aβ lowering activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Olodanrigan (EMA401), a highly selective AT2R antagonist, inhibition of augmented AngII/AT2R induced p38 and p42/p44 MAPK activation, and hence inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability and sprouting of DRG neurons.
Milnacipran is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia.Target: SNRIMilnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Dalcipran, Toledomin) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia. It is not approved for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder in the USA, but it is in other countries.Milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in an approximately 1:3 ratio, respectively; in practical use this means a relatively balanced action upon bothneurotransmitters. Increasing both neurotransmitters concentration simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia. Milnacipran exerts no significant actions onH1, α1, D1, D2, and mACh receptors, as well as on benzodiazepine and opioid binding sites. Milnacipran is well absorbed after oral dosing and has a bioavailability of 85%. Meals do not have an influence on the rapidity and extent of absorption. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2 hours after oral dosing. The elimination half-life of 8 hours is not increased by liver impairment and old age, but by significant renal disease. Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
L-APB is a potent and specific agonist for the group III mGluRs, with EC50s of 0.13, 0.29, 1.0, 249 μM for mGlu4, mGlu8, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors, respectively.