Perlapine is a potent muscarinic DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) agonist Perlapine exhibits >10000-fold selectivity for hM3Dq over hM3 receptors[1].
(-)-Mesembrine, a psychoactive alkaloid, is a partial racemate in S. strictum and S. tortuosum in smaller amounts[1].
SA4503(AGY-94806; Cutamesine) is a selective sigma 1 receptor(σ1R) agonist; high affinity for the sigma 1 receptor subtype labeled by (+)-[3H]pentazocine (IC50 = 17.4 +/- 1.9 nM); 100-fold less affinity for the sigma 2 receptor.IC50 value: 17.4 nM [1]Target: σ1R agonistin vitro: SA4503 showed little affinity for 36 other receptors, ion channels and second messenger systems. SA4503 significantly increased the KD value, but did not affect the Bmax value for specific (+)-[3H]pentazocine binding. SA4503 is a potent and selective agonist for the sigma 1 receptor subtype in the brain [1]. At concentrations of 1-10μM, SA4503 reduced SOD1(G93A)-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner [3].in vivo: The intravenous administration of SA4503 (0.01-1.28 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the firing rate or pattern of spontaneously active DA neurons in either the SNC or VTA. A single injection of either 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg i.p. of SA4503 did not alter the number of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons. In contrast, a single injection of 1 mg/kg i.p. of SA4503 produced a significant decrease and increase in the number of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons, respectively[2]. SA4503 suppressed the progression of ALS in an SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model. SA4503 did not affect the onset time of ALS. However, it significantly extended the survival time in the SOD1(G93A) mice compared with a vehicle-treated group [3].
Clamikalant sodium (HMR 1098) is an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel blocker. Clamikalant sodium can be used for the research of arrhythmia[1].
Benzetimide hydrochloride is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Target: mAChR
Biperiden (KL 373) lactate is an orally active non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist that competitively binds to M1 muscarinic receptors. Biperiden (KL 373) lactate inhibits acetylcholine and enhances dopamine signaling in the central nervous system. Biperiden (KL 373) lactate has the potential for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Fesoterodine L-mandelate is an orally active, nonsubtype selective, competitive muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with pKi values of 8.0, 7.7, 7.4, 7.3, 7.5 for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 receptors, respectively. Fesoterodine L-mandelate is used for the overactive bladder (OAB)[1][2].
NMDA receptor antagonist 2 is a potent and orally active NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonist with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.0 nM and 0.88 nM, respectively. NMDA receptor antagonist 2 is used for the study of neuropathic pain and Parkinson’s disease[1].
Pimavanserin tartrate (ACP-103) is a potent 5-HT 2A receptor inverse agonist with pIC50 and pKi of 8.73 and 9.3, respectively.
Puerol B is a natural product that can be isolated from the root of Pueraria lobata[1].
NS1219 ((R)-SPD502) is the isomer of NS 1209 HY-15074. NS1209 is a selective AMPA receptor antagonist with neuroprotective activity. NS1209 can be used for the research of stroke, neuropathic pain and epilepsy[1].
Jingzhaotoxin-V is a peptide that inhibits potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes with an IC50 value of 604.2 nM. Jingzhaotoxin-V also inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC50 values of 27.6 and 30.2 nM, respectively[1].
L-Cytidine is an L-configurational form of Cytidine (HY-B0158). L-Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside, a component of RNA. Cytidine can control the glial glutamate cycle, affect brain phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis and mitochondrial function[1][2].
ML213 is a selective activator of Kv7.2 and Kv7.4 channels, enhances Kv7.2 and Kv7.4 channels with EC50s of 230 and 510 nM, respectively.
D-Galactose-d1-2 is the deuterium labeled D-Galactose. D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
Neurokinin A (4-10) is a tachykinin NK2 receptor agonist.
N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone is a nitrone-based free radical scavenger that forms nitroxide spin adducts. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone inhibits COX2 catalytic activity. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone has potent ROS scavenging, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities, and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier[1][2][3][4].
BCAT-IN-4 (Compound 1) is a BCAT inhibitor. BCAT-IN-4 exhibits a moderate ability to inhibit hBCATc with IC50 value of 2.35 μM. BCAT-IN-4 can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
L-Alanine-13C3,15N,d4 (L-2-Aminopropionic acid-13C3,15N,d4) is the deuterium, 13C-, and 15-labeled L-Alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.
Cudratricusxanthone A is isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata, and has anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-proliferative activities. Cudratricusxanthone A inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow monocytes[1].
BMS 299897 is a sulfonamide γ-secretase inhibitor with an IC50 of 7 nM for Aβ production inhibition in HEK293 cells stably overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP).
Piperacetazine is an antipsychotic prodrug, used forschizophrenia.
U-0521 is the inhibitor of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). U-0521 has the potential for the research of Parkinson's disease[1].
RI-962 is a potent and selective receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor. RI-962 inhibits RIPK1 with an IC50 value of 35.0 nM. RI-962 can be used for the research of nervous system diseases and inflammatory diseases[1].
Butriptyline (Butriptylene) is an orally active tricyclic antidepressant agent[1].
IRL-1620 is a potent and selective endothelin receptor type B (ETB) agonist with a Ki of 16 pM.
Varenicline(CP 526555;Champix) is a selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist; it stimulates nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does.IC50 value:Target: nAChRVarenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) is a prescription medication used to treat smoking addiction. As a partial agonist it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Through these mechanisms Varenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) can assist some patients to quit smoking.
Amyloid β Peptide (42-1)(human) is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42). Amyloid β Peptide (42-1) is a 42-amino acid peptide which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
Encenicline (EVP-6124) is a novel partial agonist of α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
Noopept (GVS-111) is a medication promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a nootropic.IC50 Value:Target: in vitro: Nooglutil exhibits pharmacologically significant competition with a selective agonist of AMPA receptors ([G-3H]Ro 48-8587) for the receptor binding sites (with IC50 = 6.4 +/- 0.2 microM), while the competition of noopept for these receptor binding sites was lower by an order of magnitude (IC50 = 80 +/- 5.6 microM) [1]. GVS-111 significantly increased neuronal survival after H(2)O(2)-treatment displaying a dose-dependent neuroprotective activity from 10 nM to 100 microM, and an IC(50) value of 1.21+/-0.07 microM. GVS-111 inhibited the accumulation of intracellular free radicals and lipid peroxidation damage in neurons treated with H(2)O(2) or FeSO(4), suggesting an antioxidant mechanism of action [2].in vivo: N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester (GVS-111) administered intravenously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day, for the first time 1 h after ischaemic lesion and then for 9 post-operative days, with the last administration 15 min before testing, attenuated the deficit [3]. GVS-111 itself was not found in rat brain 1 h after 5 mg/kg i.p. administration up to limit of detection (LOD) under high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions [4]. The most pronounced antiinflammatory effect of dipeptide was observed on the model of adjuvant arthritis in rats, where the drug administered over 25 days in a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg (i.m.) or 5 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly reduced the chronic immune inflammation (on the 12th day, by 94.0 and 74.1%, respectively) [5].Toxicity: Noopept administered in this dose range induced no irreversible pathologic changes in the organs and systems studied and exhibited no allergenic, immunotoxic, and mutagen activity [6]. Clinical trial: Discontinued